The History and Meaning of the Election Night Bonfire

REFERENCES

• 1888 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 7 : 2 As the Votes Went In
   Google Scholar
• Babcock , B. 1978 . Too many, too few: Ritual modes of signification . Semiotica , 23 : 291 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Bachelard , G. 1964/1938 . The psychoanalysis of fire , Edited by: Ross , A. Boston : Beacon Press . Original work published 1938
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtin , M. 1981/1975 . The dialogic imagination: Four essays by M. M. Bakhtin , Edited by: Emerson , C. and Holquist , M. Austin : University of Texas Press . Original work published 1975
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , M. 1989 . Ritual history and power: Selected papers in anthropology , London : Athlone .
   Google Scholar
• 1852 . Cummings Evening Bulletin , Oct. 13 : 2 [Philadelphia], City Bulletin
   Google Scholar
• 1864 . North American and United States Gazette , Nov. 9 : 1 [Philadelphia], City Affairs: The Elections of Yesterday
   Google Scholar
• Cope , T. 1978 . Philadelphia merchant: The diary of Thomas P. Cope, 1800–1851 , South Bend, IN : Gateway .
   Google Scholar
• 1896 . New York Daily Tribune , Nov. 5 : 9 Damage Done by Bonfires
   Google Scholar
• Darnton , R. 1984 . The great cat massacre and other episodes in French cultural history , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• 1888 . New York Herald , Nov. 7 : 8 Dawn to Dusk—They All Voted
   Google Scholar
• 1880 . New York Herald , Nov. 3 : 4 The Day in New York
   Google Scholar
• Dinkin , R. 1989 . Campaigning in America: A history of election practices , New York : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , M. 1966 . Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo , New York and London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Drinker , E. 1991 . The diary of Elizabeth Drinker , Edited by: Crane , E. F. Boston : Northeastern University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edelman , M. 1972 . Politics as symbolic action: Mass arousal and quiescence , Chicago : Markham .
   Google Scholar
• Edsman , C. 1987 . “ Fire ” . In The encyclopedia of religion , vol. 5 , 340 – 346 . New York : Macmillan . Editor in Chief, Mircea Eliade
   Google Scholar
• 1904 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 9 : 3 Election Bonfires Burned Briskly
   Google Scholar
• 1852 . Cummings Evening Bulletin , Oct. 11 : 2 [Philadelphia], Election Day—Some Reminiscences
   Google Scholar
• 1900 . New York Herald , Nov. 8 : 12 Election Day Scenes
   Google Scholar
• 1908 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 4 : 2 Election Night Claims Harvest of Casualties
   Google Scholar
• Eliade , M. 1965 . The two and the one , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1872 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Oct. 9 : 2 The End
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez , J. M. 1965 . Symbolic consensus in a Fang reformative cult . American Anthropologist , 67 : 902 – 929 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1896 . New York Herald , Nov. 4 : 12 Fought for their Fires
   Google Scholar
• Frazer , J. G. 1935 . The golden bough , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Gilje , P. 1987 . The Road to Mobocracy: Popular disorder in New York City, 1763–1834 , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glassgold , C. A. 1932 . Glenn O. Coleman , New York : Whitney Museum of American Art .
   Google Scholar
• 1880 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Oct. 1 : 4 How About Pennsylvania?
   Google Scholar
• Hutton , R. 1997 . The stations of the sun: A history of the ritual year in Britain , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1880 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 3 : 1 In The City
   Google Scholar
• 1880 . New York Tribune , Nov. 3 : 2 Incidents of the Day
   Google Scholar
• Ingersoll , E. 1896 . Election day in New York . The Century: A popular quarterly , 53 November : 3 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Katriel , T. 1991 . “ Rhetoric in flames: Fire Inscriptions in Israeli Youth Movement Ceremonials ” . In Communal webs: Communication and culture in contemporary Israel , 51 – 70 . Albany, NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , K. 1991 . Election day: An American holiday, an American history , New York : Facts on File .
   Google Scholar
• Kertzer , D. 1988 . Ritual, politics, and power , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1868 . The New York Times , Nov. 4 : 1 Local Incidents
   Google Scholar
• Lukes , S. 1975 . Political ritual and social integration . Sociology , 2 : 289 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Marvin , C. and Simonson , P. 2004 . Voting alone: The decline of bodily mass communication and public sensationalism in Presidential elections . Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies , 1 : 127 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayor's Office . 1836 . Public Ledger , Nov. 7 : 2 [Philadelphia]
   Google Scholar
• McGerr , M. 1986 . The decline of popular politics: The American north, 1865–1928 , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. 1999 . The sociodrama of Presidential politics: Rhetoric, ritual, and power in the era of teledemocracy . American Anthropologist , 101 : 359 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morson , G. and Emerson , C. 1990 . Mikhail Bakhtin: Creation of a prosaics , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mosse , G. 1980 . Masses and man: Nationalist and fascist perceptions of reality , New York : H. Ferig .
   Google Scholar
• Mosse , G. 1991 . The nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nash , G. 1986 . Urban crucible: The northern seaports and the history of the American revolution , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Newman , S. P. 1997 . Parades and politics of the street: Festive culture in the early American republic , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nimmo , D. 1985 . Elections as ritual drama . Society , 22 : 31 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Oberholtzer , E. 1912 . Philadelphia: A history of the city and its people, a record of 225 years , Chicago : S. J. Clarke .
   Google Scholar
• 1932 . The Evening Bulletin , Nov. 8 : 3 [Philadelphia], Quiet Election Surprises Yeats
   Google Scholar
• Rappaport , R. 1979 . Ecology, meaning, and religion , Richmond, CA : North Atlantic .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , J. F. 1988 . Testing Democracy: Electoral behavior and Progressive reform in New Jersey, 1880–1920 , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1868 . The Age , Nov. 4 : 1 [Philadelphia], Scenes and Incidents
   Google Scholar
• 1888 . Harper's Weekly , Nov. 17 : 876 Scenes and Incidents of Election Day in New York
   Google Scholar
• Schudson , M. 1998 . The good citizen: A history of American civic life , New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. 1929 . Up to Now: An Autobiography , New York : Viking .
   Google Scholar
• 1904 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 9 : 3 Some Lively Rows Marked the Day
   Google Scholar
• Stromberg , P. 1981 . Consensus and variation in the interpretation of religious symbolism: A Swedish example . American Ethnologist , 8 : 544 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1828 . The American Sentinel , Oct. 31 : 2 [Philadelphia],TRANSPARENCY!
   Google Scholar
• 1844 . The Plain Dealer , Nov. 13 : 2 [Cleveland], Trumpets, Drums, and Fiddles
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1969 . The ritual process: structure and anti-structure , New York : Aldine Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , V. 1996 . Schism and continuity in an African society: A study in Ndembu village life , Oxford, England : Berg Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Uhle , B. 1865 . Election Night, 1864: Fifth and Chestnut Streets Nicholas B. Wainwright Papers, 1968–1990, Landscape and Genre Painting, Series 1, Box 1: 45. Photographic reproduction of original oil painting in collection of the Atwater-Kent Museum
   Google Scholar
• 1892 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Nov. 7 : 6 We's No Gillies
   Google Scholar
• 1880 . Philadelphia Inquirer , Oct. 28 : 4 Where the Independent Voters are in this Campaign
   Google Scholar