Active Versus Passive Cooling During Work in Warm Environments While Wearing Firefighting Protective Clothing

REFERENCES

• McLellan , T. M. , Jacobs , I. and Bain , J. B. 1993 . Influence of temperature and metabolic rate on work performance with Canadian forces NBC clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 587 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunneley , S. A. 1989 . Heat stress in protective clothing: Interactions among physical and physiological factors . Scand. J. Work, Environ. Health , 15 : 52 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. L. , Manning , T. S. and Petruzzello , S. J. 2001 . Effect of strenuous live-fire drills on cardiovascular and psychological responses of recruit firefighters . Ergonomics , 44 : 244 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburn , A. E. , Leblanc , P. R. and Fahey , R. F. 1998 . Fire fighter fatalities . NFPA J. , July/August : 50 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Austin , C. C. , Dussault , G. and Ecobihon , D. J. 2001 . Municipal firefighter exposure groups, time spent at fires and use of self-contained-breathing-apparatus . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 40 : 683 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IOCAD Emergency Services Group . 2000 . Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 1999 , Emmitsburg, Md. : United States Fire Administration .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , H. W. , Gardner , G. W. and Barnard , R. J. 1979 . Physiological responses of men working in fire fighting equipment in the heat . Ergonomics , 22 : 521 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. L. , Petruzzello , S. J. , Kramer , J. M. and Misner , J. E. 1997 . The effects of different thermal environments on the physiological and psychological responses of firefighters to a training drill . Ergonomics , 40 : 500 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faff , J. and Tutak , T. 1989 . Physiological responses to working with fire fighting equipment in the heat in relation to subjective fatigue . Ergonomics , 32 : 629 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon , P. W. and Hermiston , R. T. 1977 . The human energy cost of fire fighting . J. Occup. Med. , 19 : 558 – 562 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gledhill , N. and Jamnik , V. K. 1992 . Characterization of the physical demands of firefighting . Can. J. Appl. Physiol. , 17 : 207 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. 1994 . “Tolerance Times for Continuous Work Tasks While Wearing NBC Protective Clothing in Warm and Hot Environments and the Strategy of Implementing Rest Schedules” (DCIEM No. 94–62) , Toronto : Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Selkirk , G. A. and McLellan , T. M. 2004 . Physical work limits for Toronto firefighters in warm environments . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 1 : 199 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. L. , Petruzzello , S. J. , Kramer , J. M. , Warner , S. E. , Bone , B. G. and Misner , J. E. 1995 . Selected physiological and psychobiological responses to physical activity in different configurations of firefighting gear . Ergonomics , 38 : 2065 – 2077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. , Jacobs , I. and Bain , J. B. 1993 . Continuous vs. intermittent work with Canadian forces NBC clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 595 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenaglia , S. A. , McLellan , T. M. and Klentrou , P. P. 1999 . Influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. , 80 : 76 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. T. and Haymes , E. M. 1995 . Exercise duration and thermoregulatory responses after whole body precooling . J. Appl. Physiol. , 79 : 1971 – 1976 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter , J. D. , Sleivert , G. G. , Roberts , W. S. and Febbraio , M. A. 2001 . Effect of pre-cooling, with and without thigh cooling, on strain and endurance exercise performance in the heat . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. , 128 : 667 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constable , S. H. , Bishop , P. A. and Nunneley , S. A. 1994 . Intermittent microclimate cooling during rest increases work capacity and reduces heat stress . Ergonomics , 37 : 277 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. R. 1998 . Extremity cooling as a method for reducing heat strain . Defence Sci. J. , 3 : 108 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• House , J. R. , Holmes , C. and Allsopp , A. J. 1997 . Prevention of heat strain by immersing the hands and forearms in water . J. Roy. Nav. Med. Serv. , 83 : 26 – 30 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Livingstone , S. D. , Nolan , R. W. and Cattroll , S. W. 1989 . Heat loss caused by immersing the hands in water . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 60 : 1166 – 1171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone , S. D. , Nolan , R. W. and Keefe , A. A. 1995 . Heat loss caused by cooling the feet . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 66 : 232 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , J. B. , Banister , E. W. and Morrison , J. B. 1999 . Effectiveness of rest pauses and cooling in alleviation of heat stress during simulated fire-fighting activity . Ergonomics , 42 : 299 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. , Frim , J. and Bell , D. G. 1999 . Efficacy of air and liquid cooling during light and heavy exercise while wearing nbc clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 70 : 802 – 811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipton , M. J. , Balmi , P. J. , Allsopp , A. J. and House , J. R. 1993 . Hand immersion as a method of cooling and rewarming: A short review . J. Roy. Nav. Med. Serv. , 79 : 125 – 131 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. 1993 . Work performance at 40°C with Canadian forces biological and chemical protective clothing . Aviat. Space Environ. Med. , 64 : 1094 – 1100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. , Pope , J. I. , Cain , J. B. and Cheung , S. 1996 . Effects of metabolic rate and ambient vapour pressure on heat strain in protective clothing . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. , 74 : 518 – 527 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gephart , F. C. and DuBois , E. F. 1915 . Clinical calorimetry. Fourth paper. The determination of the basal metabolism of normal men and the effect of food . Arch. Int. Med. , 15 : 833 – 845 .
   Google Scholar
• Clausen , J. L. , ed. 1982 . Pulmonary Function Testing Guidelines and Controversies: Equipment, Methods and Normal Value , Toronto : Grune and Stratton, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth , R. D. , Plyley , M. J. and Shephard , R. J. 1984 . Estimation of body fatness of Canadian forces . Can. J. Appl. Sport Sci. , 9 : 5P
   Google Scholar
• Siri , W. E. 1956 . “ The gross composition of the body ” . In Advances in Biological and Medical Physics , pp. 239 – 280 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez , R. R. April 2003 . Manikin results for the thermal resistance and water vapour permeability of Toronto fire fighting protective clothing , April , Natick, MA : United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine . (Personal Communication.)
   Google Scholar
• McLellan , T. M. , Gannon , G. A. , Zamecnik , J. , Gil , V. and Brown , G. M. 1999 . Low doses of melatonin and diurnal effects on thermoregulation and tolerance to uncompensable heat stress . J. Appl. Physiol. , 87 : 308 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. W. , Nadel , E. R. and Hill , D. W. 1972 . Respiratory weight loss during exercise . J. Appl. Physiol. , 32 : 474 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snellen , J. W. 1966 . Mean body temperature and the control of thermal sweating . Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. , 14 : 99 – 174 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy , J. D. and Dubois , E. F. 1938 . The technique of measuring radiation and convection . J. Nutr. , 15 : 461 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Gagge , A. P. , Stolwijk , J. A. J. and Hardy , J. D. 1967 . Comfort and thermal sensations and associated physiological responses at various ambient temperatures . Environ. Res. , 1 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott , L. 1993 . “ Experiments with repeated measures ” . In An Introduction to Statistical Methods and Data Analysis , Edited by: Lozyniak , K. and Krikorian , S. pp. 1002 – 1008 . Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Abacus Concepts, Inc. 1991 . SuperANOVA, Version 1.11 , Abacus Concepts, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , L. A. and Pesce , A. J. 1984 . Clinical Chemistry Theory, Analysis and Correlation: Analyte Reference Chart , St. Louis : C.V. Mosby Company .
   Google Scholar
• White , M. K. and Hodous , T. K. 1988 . Physiological responses to the wearing of fire fighter's turnout gear with Neoprene and GORE-TEX® barrier liners . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 49 : 523 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar