Uncertainty Determination for Nondestructive Chemical Analytical Methods Using Field Data and Application to XRF Analysis for Lead

REFERENCES

• Vaughan , N. P. , Chalmers , C. P. and Botham , R. A. 1990 . Field comparison of personal samplers for inhalable dust . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 34 : 553 – 573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Hallmark , T. S. , Andrew , M. E. and Bird , A. J. 2004 . A comparison of X-ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis of air filter samples from a scrap lead smelting operation . J. Environ. Monit. , 6 : 819 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1995 . Guidelines for Air Sampling and Analytical Method Development and Evaluation , Edited by: Kennedy , E. R. , Fischbach , T. J. , Song , R. , Eller , P. M. and Shulman , S. A. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 95-117
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO) . 1993 . ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement , Geneva : ISO .
   Google Scholar
• Bartley , D. L. 2001 . Definition and assessment of sampling and analytical accuracy . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 45 : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aichison , J. and Dunsmore , I. R. 1975 . Statistical Prediction Analysis , Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bartley , D. L. 2004 . Reconciling traditional accuracy assessment with the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO/GUM) . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 1 : D37 – D41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2003 . “ Measurement uncertainty and NIOSH method accuracy range ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), , 4th ed. , Edited by: Bartley , D. L. , Shulman , S. and Schlecht , P. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH, CDC . DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2003-154, Chapter P
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Pacolay , B. , Hintz , P. and Andrew , M. E. 2006 . A comparison of XRF and ICP-OES for lead on air filter samples from a lead ore concentrator mill and a lead-acid battery recycler . J. Environ. Monit. , 8 : 384 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Pacolay , B. 2006 . A comparison of X-ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis for lead on air filters from different personal samplers used in a secondary lead smelter/solder manufacturer . J. Environ. Monit. , 8 : 140 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Pacolay , B. and Andrew , M. E. 2005 . A comparison of X-ray fluorescence and wet chemical analysis for lead on air filters from different personal samplers used in a bronze foundry . J. Environ. Monit. , 7 : 592 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) . 2003 . “ Method OSA1: Lead (Pb) in Workplace Air by NITON 700 Series Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analyzer ” . In OSHA Manual of Analytical Methods , Edited by: Elskamp , C. J. Salt Lake City , Utah : OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center .
   Google Scholar
• Proschan , F. 1953 . Rejection of outlying observations . Am. J. Phys. , 21 : 520 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaven , J. E. , Bartley , D. L. , Rose , M. C. , Andrew , M. E. and Harper , M. 2006 . Using SAS to find bootstrap estimates of field air sampling data . Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North-East SAS Users Group (NESUG) . September 17–20 2006 , Philadelphia . http://www.nesug.info/Proceedings/nesug06/cc/cc13.pdf Paper #CC13 Accessed October 11, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. 2006 . A review of workplace aerosol sampling procedures and their relevance to the assessment of beryllium exposures . J. Environ. Monit. , 8 : 598 – 604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , M. and Demange , M. 2007 . Concerning sampler wall deposits in the chemical analysis of airborne metals . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 4 : D81 – D86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidén , G. and Harper , M. 2006 . The need for an international sampling convention for inhalable dust in calm air . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 31 : D94 – D101 .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , M. , Parcolay , B. Hintz , B. 2007 . Portable XRF analysis of occupational air filter samples from different workplaces using different samplers: Final results, summary, and conclusions Journal of Environmental Monitoring, advance Web publication DOI: 10.1039/b710591f
   Google Scholar
• Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), European Committee for Standardization . 2006 . EN 482, Workplace Atmospheres—General Requirements for the Performance of Procedures for the Measurement of Chemical Agents , Brussels : CEN .
   Google Scholar
• “Lead,” Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Part 1910.1025(d)(9) 39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974
   Google Scholar
• “Lead,” Code of Federal Regulations Title 29, Part 1926.62(d)(9) 44 FR 8577, February 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, April 6, 1979
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H. F. 1936 . The problem of comparing the results of two experiments with unequal errors . J. Council Sci. Ind. Res. , 9 : 211 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite , F. E. 1946 . An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components . Biometrics , 2 : 110 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley , D. L. 2001 . Definition and assessment of sampling and analytical accuracy . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 45 : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterthwaite , F. E. 1946 . An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components . Biometrics , 2 : 110 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaven , J. E. , Bartley , D. L. , Rose , M. C. , Andrew , M. E. and Harper , M. 2006 . Using SAS to find bootstrap estimates of field air sampling data. Paper #CC13 . Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the North-East SAS Users Group (NESUG) . September 17–20 2006 , Philadelphia . http://www.neesug.info/Proceedings/nesug06/cc/cc13.pdf Accessed October 11, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Efron , B. 1982 . The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans 1 – 92 . CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics 38
   Google Scholar