Estimating Nurses' Exposures to Ionizing Radiation: The Elusive Gold Standard

REFERENCES

• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1994 . “ Hepatitis viruses ” . In Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 59 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1994 . “ Some industrial chemicals ” . In Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 60 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 2000 . “ Ionizing radiation, Part 1: X and gamma (g)-radiation, and neutrons ” . In Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 75 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 2000 . “ Some antiviral and antineoplastic drugs, and other pharmaceutical agents ” . In Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , Vol. 76 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• Lie , J. A.S. and Kjaerheim , K. 2003 . Cancer risk among female nurses: A literature review . Eur. J. Cancer Prev. , 12 : 517 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimich-Ward , H. D. , Lorenzi , M. Teschke , K. 2007 . Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of registered nurses from British Columbia, Canada . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 50 : 892 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashmore , J. P. , Krewski , D. , Zielinski , J. M. , Jiang , H. , Semenciw , R. and Band , P. R. 1998 . First analysis of mortality and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada . Am. J. Epidemiol , 148 : 564 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sont , W. N. , Zielinski , J. M. Ashmore , J. P . 2001 . First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada . Am. J. Epidemiol. , 153 : 309 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teschke , K. , Olshan , A. F. Daniels , J. L. 2002 . Occupational exposure assessment in case-control studies: Opportunities for improvement . Occup. Environ. Med. , 59 : 575 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington , K. 2000 . Guarding against radiation exposure . Am. J. Nurs. , 100 : 104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) . 2000 . “ Annex E—Occupational Radiation Exposures ” . In Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Volume I: Sources , New York : UNSCEAR .
   Google Scholar
• Blanchette , J. and Renaud , L. 1992 . Radioexposure levels observed with sub-optimal fluoroscopic systems . Can. J. Med. Rad. Tech. , 23 : 187 – 192 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans , R. J. , Cusack , S. and Parke , T. 1992 . Exposure of the hands to ionizing radiation in the resuscitation room of an accident and emergency department . Arch. Emerg. Med. , 9 : 220 – 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mostafa , G. , Sing , R. F. , McKeown , R. , Huynh , T. T. and Heniford , B. T. 2002 . The hazard of scattered radiation in a trauma intensive care unit . Crit. Care. Med. , 30 : 574 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grazer , R. E. , Meislin , H. W. , Westerman , B. R. and Criss , E. A. 1987 . A nine-year evaluation of emergency department personnel exposure to ionizing radiation . Ann. Emerg. Med. , 16 : 340 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , W. B. , Craven , D. E. , Schwartz , D. A. , Nardell , E. A. , Kasmer , J. and Noble , J. 1985 . Occupational hazards to hospital personnel . Ann. Int. Med. , 102 : 658 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier , R. and Martel , G. 1985 . Working with radiation: Reducing the risks . Can. Nurse , 81 : 18 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciraulo , D. L. , Marini , C. P. , Lloyd , G. T. and Fisher , J. 1994 . Do surgical residents, emergency medicine physicians, and nurses experience significant radiation exposure during the resuscitation of trauma patients? . J. Trauma , 36 : 70 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemminki , K. , Kyyronen , P. and Lindbohm , M. L. 1985 . Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals, based on registered information of outcome . J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health , 39 : 141 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , L. S. , Whittenberg , J. , Nail , L. , Greene , D. and Flannery , M. 1987 . Occupational hazards for nurses exposed to radiation and antineoplastic agents . J. NY State Nurses Assoc. , 18 : 42 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miracle , V. A. and Wigginton , M. A. 1990 . Nurses and ionizing radiation: A study of two institutions . Crit. Care Nurse , 10 : 58 – 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health Canada . 2005 . 2005 Report on Occupational Radiation Exposures in Canada , Ottawa, Ontario , , Canada : Health Canada Safe Environments Programme, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety . (HC Pub.: 4058)
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , M. M. and Verma , D. K. 2001 . Exposure estimation in the presence of non-detectable values: Another look . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 62 : 195 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong , B. K. , White , E. and Saracci , R. 1992 . Principles of Exposure Measurement in Epidemiology , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tan , G. A. and Van Every , B. 2005 . Staff exposure to ionizing radiation in a major trauma centre . ANZ J. Surg. , 7 : 136 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung , J. , Ward , H. , Teschke , K. , Ratner , P. A. and Chow , Y. 2005 . A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cancer Risks Among Nurses in British Columbia: Potential Exposure to Ionizing Radiation Report to the Workers' Compensation Board of British Columbia
   Google Scholar