475
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Diacetyl Exposures in the Flavor Manufacturing Industry

, , , &
Pages 679-688 | Published online: 27 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • Kreiss , K. , Gomaa , A. , Kullman , G. , Fedan , K. , Simoes , E.J. and Enright , P.L. 2002 . Clinical bronchiolitis obliterans in workers at a microwave-popcorn plant . N. Engl. J. Med. , 347 ( 5 ) : 330 – 338 .
  • Kanwal , R. , Kullman , G. Piacitelli , C. 2006 . Evaluation of flavorings-related lung disease risk at six microwave popcorn plants . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 48 ( 2 ) : 149 – 157 .
  • Pakdeeto , A. , Naranong , N. and Tanasupawat , S. 2003 . Diacetyl of lactic acid bacteria from milk and fermented foods in Thailand . J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. , 49 : 301 – 307 .
  • Gavin , C. , Williams , M.C. and Hallagan , J.B. 2008 . Poundage and Technical Effects Update Survey, 2005 , Washington, D.C. : The Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States .
  • Hubbs , A.F. , Battelli , L.A. Goldsmith , W.T. 2002 . Necrosis of nasal and airway epithelium in rats inhaling vapors of artificial butter cflavoring . Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. , 185 : 128 – 135 .
  • Hubbs , A.F. , Battelli , L.A. Mercer , R.R. 2004 . Inhalation toxicity of the flavoring agent, diacetyl (2,3-butanedione), in the upper respiratory tract of rats . Toxicol. Sci. , 78(Suppl 1) : 438 – 439 .
  • Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States (FEMA) . 2004 . Respiratory Health and Safety in the Flavor Manufacturing Workplace , Washington, D.C. : FEMA .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Diacetyl. 2003 . NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) , 4th ed., 3rd suppl , Edited by: P.C. , Schlecht and P.F. , O'Conner . Cincinnati, Ohio : Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH . Pub no. 2003–154.
  • Boylstein , R. , Piacitelli , C. , Grote , A. , Kanwal , R. , Kullman , G. and Kreiss , K. 2006 . Diacetyl emissions and airborne dust from butter flavorings used in microwave popcorn production . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 : 530 – 535 .
  • Kullman , G. , Boylstein , R. , Jones , W. , Piacitelli , C. , Pendergrass , S. and Kreiss , K. 2005 . Characterization of respiratory exposures at a microwave popcorn plant with cases of bronchiolitis obliterans . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 2 : 169 – 178 .
  • Akpinar-Elci , M. , Travis , W.D. , Lynch , D.A. and Kreiss , K. 2004 . Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in popcorn production plant workers . Eur. Respir. J. , 24 : 298 – 302 .
  • National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2006 . Health Hazard Evaluation at Gilster-Mary Lee Corporation, Jasper, Missouri , Edited by: Kanwal , R. , Kullman , G. , Fedan , K. and K. , Kreiss . Cincinnati, Ohio : Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH . (HETA 2000–0401-2991).
  • Akpinar-Elci , M. , Stemple , K.J. , O. , Cinar Elci , Dweik , R.A. , Kreiss , K. and Enright , P.L. 2006 . Exhaled nitric oxide measurement in workers in a microwave popcorn production plant . Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health , 12 : 106 – 110 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2007 . Report on Severe Fixed Obstructive Lung Disease in Workers at a Flavoring Manufacturing Plant, Carmi Flavor and Fragrance Co., Inc., Commerce California , Edited by: Kanwal , R. and Kullman , G. Cincinnati, Ohio : Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH . (HETA 2006–0303-3043).
  • Materna , B. , Quint , J. Payne , S. 2007 . Fixed obstructive lung disease among workers in the flavor-manufacturing industry–California, 2004–2007 . MMWR , 56 ( 16 ) : 389 – 393 .
  • Van Rooy , G.B. G.J. , Rooyackers , J.M. , Prokop , M. , Houba , R. and Heederik , D.J. J. 2007 . Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings . Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. , 176 : 498 – 504 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.