209
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Urinary Concentrations of Toxic Substances: An Assessment of Alternative Approaches to Adjusting for Specific Gravity

, , &
Pages 721-723 | Published online: 24 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • 2005 . “ Health & Safety Laboratory (HSL) ” . In Guidance on Laboratory Techniques in Occupational Medicine, Tenth Edition , Buxton, , UK : Health and Safety Executive, HSL .
  • Levine , L. and Fahy , J. P. 1945 . Evaluation of urinary lead determinations . J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. , 27 : 217 – 223 .
  • Vij , H. S. and Howell , S. 1998 . Improving the specific gravity adjustment method for assessing urinary concentrations of toxic substances . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 59 : 375 – 380 .
  • Araki , S. 1980 . Effects of urinary volume on urinary concentration of lead, aminolaevulinic acid, coproporphyrin, creatinine, and total solutes . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 37 : 50 – 54 .
  • Araki , S. , Sata , F. and Murata , K. 1990 . Adjustment for urinary flowrate: An improved approach to biological monitoring . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 62 : 471 – 477 .
  • Sorahan , T. and Esmen , N. A. 2004 . Lung cancer mortality in UK nickel-cadmium battery workers, 1947–2000 . Occup. Environ. Med. , 61 : 108 – 116 .
  • Teass , A. W. , Biagini , R. E. , DeBord , D. G. and Hullc , R. D. , eds. 1994 . “ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ” . In Application of biological monitoring methods , 52 – 62 . NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th edition .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.