889
Views
54
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Systematic Literature Review of Uses and Levels of Occupational Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene

, , &
Pages 807-839 | Published online: 29 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Doherty , R. 2000 . A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1—Historical background; carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene . Environ. Forensics , 1 ( 2 ) : 69 – 81 .
  • Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President . 1987 . Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual , Springfield , Va. : National Technical Information Service .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-81-400-1242, Smead Manufacturing Company, Locust Grove, Georgia , Edited by: Roper , P. and Salisbury , S. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1985 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-85-108-1593, Carey Plastics Division, Toledo Molding and Die Corporation, Carey, Ohio , Edited by: Moseley , C.L. and McConnell , R. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1981 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-81-065-938, Metro Bus Maintenance Shop, Washington, D.C. , Edited by: Love , J.R. and Kern , M. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Hornung , R.W. and Reed , L.D. 1990 . Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 : 46 – 51 .
  • Anonymous . 1963 . New dry-cleaning system under field test . Chem. Eng. News , 41 : 28
  • Seiler , W.U. 1960 . Perchloroethylene . Chem. Eng. News , 38 : 124
  • Kirschner , E.M. 1994 . Environment, health concerns force shift in use of organic solvents . Chem. Eng. News , 72 ( 25 ) : 13 – 20 .
  • Leder , A. , Blyth , W. and Ishikawa-Yamaki , M. 1999 . “ C2 chlorinated solvents ” . In Chemical Economics Handbook , Menlo Park , Calif. : SRI International .
  • McConnell , G. , Ferguson , D.M. and Pearson , C.R. 1975 . Chlorinated hydrocarbons and the environment . Endeavour , 34 ( 121 ) : 13 – 18 .
  • Wallace , L.A. , Pellizzari , E. Hartwell , T. 1984 . Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds. I. Direct measurements in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath . Environ. Res. , 35 ( 1 ) : 293 – 319 .
  • Murray , A.J. and Riley , J.P. 1973 . The determination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in air, natural waters, marine organisms, and sediments . Anal. Chim. Acta , 65 : 261 – 270 .
  • Lillian , D. , Singh , H.B. Appleby , A. 1975 . Atmospheric fates of halogenated compounds . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 9 ( 12 ) : 1042 – 1048 .
  • Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1979 . Formulation of a Preliminary Assessment of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Man and Environmental Media , Edited by: Pellizzari , E.D. , Erickson , M.D. and Zweidinger , R.A. Washington , D.C. : EPA . (EPA-56013179006)
  • Rastogi , S.C. 1993 . Organic solvent levels in model and hobby glues . Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , 51 ( 4 ) : 501 – 507 .
  • Wallace , L.A. , Pellizzari , E.D. , Hartwell , T.D. , Davis , V. , Michael , L.C. and Whitmore , R.W. 1989 . The influence of personal activities on exposure to volatile organic compounds . Environ. Res. , 50 ( 1 ) : 37 – 55 .
  • Thomas , K.W. , Pellizzari , E.D. , Perritt , R.L. and Nelson , W.C. 1991 . Effect of dry-cleaned clothes on tetrachloroethylene levels in indoor air, personal air, and breath for residents of several New Jersey homes . J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 1 ( 4 ) : 475 – 490 .
  • Oliver , J.S. and Watson , J.M. 1977 . Abuse of solvents “for kicks.” A review of 50 cases . Lancet , 1 ( 8002 ) : 84 – 86 .
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1979 . Assessment of Human Exposures to Atmospheric Perchloroethylene , Edited by: Mara , S. , Suta , B. and Lee , S. Menlo Park , Calif. : SRI International . (68-02-2835)
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1981 . Occupational Exposure to Perchloroethylene in the Dry Cleaning Industry , Edited by: Ludwig , H.R. Cincinnati , Ohio : US Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH . (NIOSH/00134976, 1-107)
  • Materna , B.L. 1985 . Occupational exposure to perchloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry . Am. Ind. Hyg Assoc. J. , 46 : 268 – 273 .
  • Fisher , W. 1979 . Commercial dry cleaning industry , Edited by: Canter , DA. Silver Spring , Md. : International Fabricare Institute . 5-22-1979
  • Solet , D. , Robins , T.G. and Sampaio , C. 1990 . Perchloroethylene exposure assessment among dry cleaning workers . Am. Ind. Hyg Assoc. J. , 51 : 566 – 574 .
  • Fairfax , R. 1997 . Exposure to perchloroethylene among maintenance personnel in the dry cleaning industry . Appl. Occup Environ. Hyg. , 12 : 789 – 791 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1995 . In-Depth Survey Report: Perchloroethylene Exposures in Commercial Dry Cleaners at Tuchman Cleaners Shop 27, Fishers, Indiana , Edited by: Earnest , G.S. , Moran , A. and Spencer , A.B. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-201-17a)
  • Earnest , G.S. , Hagedorn , R. and Flesch , J. 2000 . Control of exposure to perchloroethylene in commercial drycleaning (machine design) . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 15 : 11 – 20 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1999 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 98-0249-2773, Grove Park Inn, Asheville, North Carolina , Edited by: Ewers , L.M. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2000 . In-Depth Survey Report: Comparison of Perchloroethylene Exposures Before and After the Installation of Local Exhaust Ventilation at a Commercial Dry Cleaners at Drycleaning Plus , Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . Cincinnati, Ohio. Report on Task 2 Interagency Agreement Between OSHA and NIOSH Perchloroethylene in Dry Cleaning Shops by D. Marlow (ECTB 240-13).
  • Kleinfeld , M. and Tabershaw , I. 1954 . Trichloroethylene toxicity; report of five fatal cases . Arch. Ind. Hyg Occup Med. , 10 ( 2 ) : 134 – 141 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2002 . In-Depth Survey Report: Control of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in Vapor Degreasing Operations, Site #1 , Edited by: Almaguer , D. , Shulman , S. and A. , Khan . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-256-19b).
  • McBirney , R. 1954 . Trichloroethylene and dichloroethylene poisoning . Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. , 10 ( 2 ) : 130 – 133 .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1985 . Integrated Solvent Analysis: Metal Cleaning Solvent , Edited by: Ma , J. , Rovito , S. and A. , Miller . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA44-1).
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1980 . Source Assessment: Solvent Evaporation—Degreasing Operations , Edited by: Hoogheem , T.J. , Horn , D.A. , Hughes , T.W. and P.J. , Marn . Cincinnati , Ohio : USEPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development . (EPA-600/2-79-019f).
  • Baker , M. and Hetrick , G. 1971 . “ Metal surface preparation ” . In Electroplating Engineering Handbook , Edited by: K. , Graham . 127 – 153 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company .
  • Kearney , T. 1975 . “ Solvent vapor degreasing ” . In Metal Finishing Guidebook and Directory for Metals and Plastics , 101 – 109 . Hackensack , N.J. : Metals and Plastics Publications .
  • Bakke , B. , Stewart , P.A. and Waters , M.A. 2007 . Uses of and exposure to trichloroethylene in U.S. industry, A systematic literature review . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 4 : 375 – 390 .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1983 . Preliminary Analysis of Possible Substitutes for 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Tetrachloroethene, Dichloromethane, Tetrachloromethane, Trichloroethene, and Trichlorotrifluoroethane , Edited by: Rehm , R. , Anderson , E. , Duletsky , S. , T. , O'Brian and H. , Rollins . Washington , D.C. : EPA . (GCA-TR-CH-83-06).
  • Stewart , R.D. , Erley , D.S. , Schaffer , A.W. and Gay , H.H. 1961 . Accidental vapor exposure to anesthetic concentrations of a solvent containing tetrachloroethylene . Ind. Med. Surg. , 30 : 327 – 330 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2002 . In-Depth Survey Report: Control of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in Vapor Degreasing Operations, Site #4 , Edited by: Almaguer , D. , Shulman , S. and K. , Crouch . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-256-18b).
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1976 . Study to Support New Source Performance Standards for Solvent Metal Cleaning Operations , Edited by: Surprenant , K. and D. , Richards . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA 68-02-1329).
  • Grandjean , E. , Munchinger , R. , Turrian , V. , Hass , P. , Knoepfel , H. and Rosenmund , H. 1955 . Investigations into the effects of exposure to trichlorethylene in mechanical engineering . Br. J. Ind. Med. , 12 ( 2 ) : 131 – 142 .
  • Hama , G. 1953 . “ Chlorinated solvent degreasers ” . In National Safety News 128 – 198 .
  • Skinner , J. and Pierce , W. 1946 . Ventilation of solvent degreasers . Heat. Ventil. , 43 ( 2 ) : 72 – 75 .
  • Williams , N. and Robinson , B.J. 1997 . Poor control of exposure and ill health effects at solvent vapour degreasers . Occup. Med. (London) , 47 ( 7 ) : 440 – 441 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1987 . Wellman Dynamics Corporation, Creston, Iowa , Edited by: Kominsky , J.R. , Wilcox , T. and C. , Lucas . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (HETA-83-015-1809).
  • Coler , H.R. and Rossmiller , H. 1953 . Tetrachlorethylene exposure in a small industry . Arch. Ind. Hyg Occup Med. , 8 ( 3 ) : 227 – 233 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1983 . “ Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-82-127-1370 ” . In North Canton, Ohio, Hoover Company Industrial Park , Edited by: Hartle , R. and T.-C. , Aw. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1985 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report , Edited by: Hartle , R. and T.-C. , Aw. Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . HETA-82-280-1407, Hoover Company, North Canton, Ohio
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report , Edited by: Okawa , M.T. and M.J. , Coye . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . HETA-80-144-1109, Film Processing Industry, Hollywood, California
  • Lillienberg , L. , Hogstedt , B. , Jarvholm , B. and Nilson , L. 1992 . Health effects of tank cleaners . Am. Ind. Hyg Assoc. J. , 53 : 375 – 380 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report , Edited by: Tharr , D.G. and M. , Donnohue . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . HETA-79-80, 81-746, Cobe Laboratories, Inc., Lakewood and Arvada, Colorado
  • Llewellyn , O.P. 1966 . Halogenated hydrocarbons used as solvents . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 9 ( 4 ) : 199 – 208 .
  • Kullman , G. 1989 . “ HHE Report No. MHETA-88-269-1993 ” . In Meyersdale Manufacturing Co., Meyersdale, Pennsylvania , 1 – 19 . Cincinnati , OH : NIOSH .
  • ACGIH® . 2005 . TLVs and BEIs , Cincinnati , Ohio : ACGIH .
  • Kauppinen , T. , Teschke , K. , Savela , A. , Kogevinas , M. and Boffetta , P. 1997 . International data base of exposure measurements in the pulp, paper and paper product industries . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 70 ( 2 ) : 119 – 127 .
  • Rosenberg , C. , Nylund , L. Aalto , T. 1991 . “ Volatile organohalogen compounds from the bleaching of pulp-occurrence and genotoxic potential in the work-environment ” . In Chemosphere Vol. 23(11–12) , 1617 – 1628 .
  • Browning , E. 1938 . Toxicity of Industrial Organic Solvents: Summaries of Published Work , 198 – 201 . Industrial Health Research Board of Great Britain .
  • Greenberg , L. 1965 . Health hazards in the modern office . Ind. Hyg. Rev. , 7 : 21 – 28 .
  • Crouch , K.G. and Gressel , M.G. 1999 . The control of press cleaning solvent vapors in a small lithographic printing establishment . Appl. Occup Environ. Hyg. , 14 : 329 – 338 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1989 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-87-411-1972 , Edited by: Klincewicz , S.L. and C.M. , Reh . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana.
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1982 . Health Assessment Document for Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) , Edited by: Greenberg , M.M. and J.C. , Parker . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA-600).
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA-81-310-1039 , Edited by: J.R. , Love . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . King-Smith Printing Company, Detroit, Michigan by
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA 85-433-1638, Current, Inc., Colorado Springs, Colorado , Edited by: B.J. , Gunter . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Jang , J.Y. , Kang , S.K. and Chung , H.K. 1993 . Biological exposure indices of organic solvents for Korean workers . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 65(1 Suppl) : S219 – S222 .
  • Hardie , D. 1964 . “ Tetrachloroethylene. ” . In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , 195 – 203 . New York : Interscience Publishers .
  • Petrelli , G. , Siepi , G. , Miligi , L. and Vineis , P. 1993 . Solvents in pesticides . Scand. Work J. Environ. Health , 19 ( 1 ) : 63 – 65 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1976 . Engineering Control Research Recommendations , Edited by: J. , Hagopian and K. , Bastress . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CDC-99-74-33).
  • Faith , W.L. 1975 . Industrial Chemicals: Faith, Keyes, and Clark's Industrial Chemicals , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • McCormick , W.E. 1952 . Industrial health problems in the rubber industry . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quar. , 13 ( 1 ) : 37 – 41 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1983 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-80-10-1199, Cities Service Company, Butyl Rubber Plant, Lake Charles, Louisiana , Edited by: Markel , H.L. and B. , Froneberg . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1985 . Integrated Solvent Analysis: Paints , Edited by: W. , Mullen and C. , Mould . 1 – 3 . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA44-1 Technical Directive Nos. 5.2, 10
  • Hansen , M.K. , Larsen , M. and Cohr , K.H. 1987 . Waterborne paints. A review of their chemistry and toxicology and the results of determinations made during their use Scand . Work J. Environ. Health , 13 ( 6 ) : 473 – 485 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HHE-80-154-1027, Bechtel Power Corporation, Berwick, Pennsylvania , Edited by: Chrostek , W.J. and M.S. , Levine . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1980 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HHE 78-95-596, Jonas Brothers Taxidermy Co., Denver, Colorado , Edited by: Guner , B.J. and J. , Lybarger . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Mayan , O. , Pires , A. , Neves , P. and Capela , F. 1999 . Shoe manufacturing and solvent exposure in northern Portugal . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 14 : 785 – 790 .
  • Scarpelli , A. , Miligi , L. , Costantini , A.S. and Maltoni , S.A. 1993 . Exposure to solvents in the shoe and leather goods industries . Int. J. Epidemiol. , 22 : S46 – S50 .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1985 . Integrated Solvent Analysis: Electronics Industry Uses , Edited by: B. , Waterhouse and A. , Miller . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA44-1 Technical Directive Nos. 2 and 5).
  • LaDou , J. and Rohm , T. 1998 . The international electronics industry . Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health , 4 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
  • DeForest , W. 1975 . Cleaning. In Photoresist: Materials and Processes , 63 – 243 . New York : McGraw-Hill Book Company .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1994 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-93-1133-2425, Electrode Corporation, Chardon, Ohio , Edited by: Abundo , M.-L. , Almaguer , D. and R. , Driscoll . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Marano , D.E. , J.D. , Boice Jr. , Fryzek , J.P. , Morrison , J.A. , C.J. , Sadler and McLaughlin , J.K. 2000 . Exposure assessment for a large epidemiological study of aircraft manufacturing workers . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 15 : 644 – 656 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1983 . Metropolitan Sewer District, Cincinnati, Ohio , Edited by: McGlothlin , J.D. and J.E. , Cone . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (HETA-81-207-945).
  • Namkung , E. and Rittmann , B. 1987 . Estimating volatile organic compound emissions from publicly owned treatment works . J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. , 59(7) : 670 – 678 .
  • Lurker , P.A. , Clark , C.S. , Elia , V.J. , Gartside , P.S. and Kinman , R.N. 1983 . Worker exposure to chlorinated organic compounds from the activated-sludge wastewater treatment process . Am. Ind. Hyg Assoc. J. , 44 : 109 – 112 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1984 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-82-305-1541, Fountain Avenue Landfill, Brooklyn, New York , Edited by: R. , Costello . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Hall , M.C. and Shillinger , J.E. 1925 . Tetrachlorethylene, a new anthelmintic . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , 5 : 229 – 237 .
  • Hall , M.C. and Shillinger , J.E. 1925 . Tetrachlorethylene, a new anthelmintic for worms in dogs . North Am. Vet. , 9 : 41 – 52 .
  • Foot , E. , Bishop , K. and Apgar , V. 1943 . Tetrachlorethylene as an anesthetic agent . Anesthesiology , 9 : 283 – 292 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1981 . Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HE-80-71-703, Bear Creek Uranium Company, Douglas, Wyoming , Edited by: B.J. , Gunter . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1980 . Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report No. MTA-80-109-110, Patriot Coal Company Laboratory, Kingwood, West Virginia , Edited by: J. , Jankovic . Morgantown West Va. : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1991 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. MHETA 89-362-2027, Helen Mining Company, Homer City, Pennsylvania , Edited by: R.P. , Ferguson . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1994 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-94-0190-2474, Gen Corp Automotive, Logansport, Indiana , Edited by: Reh , B.D. and A.M. , Krake . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Boiano , J.M. 1984 . Potential health hazards in taxidermy shops . Am. Taxidermist , 19 ( 5 ) : 34 – 38 .
  • Tharr , D. 1996 . Workplace fatality related to perchloroethylene exposures . Appl. Occup Environ. Hyg. , 11 : 156 – 157 .
  • Shields , J. 1984 . Adhesives Handbook , 3rd ed. , London : Butterworths .
  • Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service . 1979 . Organic Solvent Use Study, Radian Corp. , Austin : Texas .
  • Tubich , G. , McDermott , F. , Davis , I. , Barrett , J. and D. , Van Farrows . 1957 . Occupational health studies in the investment casting industry . Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. , 15 : 223 – 244 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1980 . Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HHE-79-42-685, Motion Picture Screen Cartoonist, Local 841, New York, New York , Edited by: C.L. , Moseley . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1988 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-274-1879, Evaluation of Zinc Chloride Smoke Generating Devices, International Association of Fire Fighters, Washington, D.C. , Edited by: Zey , J.N. and F. , Richardson . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1989 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-87-109-1950, North Riverside Fire Department, North Riverside, Illinois , Edited by: Zey , J. and F. , Richardson . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1989 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-88-082-1971, Jostens Incorporated, Princeton, Illinois , Edited by: Seitz , T. and R. , Driscoll . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Siedlecki , J. 1970 . Prevention of hazards from ultrasonic cleaning instruments . JAMA , 211(3) : 507
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1984 . A and H Sunlight Lettering and Trophy, Glenwood Springs, Colorado , Edited by: B.J. , Gunter . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (HETA 83-430-1451).
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1993 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-89-162-2331, Growth International, Bennett Industries Division, Peotone, Illinois , Edited by: G.M. , Kinnes . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Cragle , D.L. , Wells , S.M. and Tankersley , W.G. 1992 . An occupational morbidity study of a population potentially exposed to epoxy resins, hardeners, and solvents . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 7 : 826 – 834 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1988 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-83-210-1887, Roofing Construction, Houston, Texas , Edited by: Zey , J.N. , Reed , L.D. and G. , Liss . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Dublin , L. and Vane , R. 1941 . “ Occupation Hazards and Diagnostic Signs ” . In A Guide to Impairments to be Looked for in Hazardous Occupations , 62 Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
  • Chemicals in the Environment: Perchloroethylene (CAS NO. 127-18-4) . 2008 . [Online] Available at http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/f_perchl.txt (Accessed April 7).
  • Tetrachloroethylene . 1995 . IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. , 63 : 159 – 221 .
  • Crowley , R.C. , Ford , C.B. and Stern , A.C. 1945 . A study of perchlorethylene degreasers . J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. , 27 : 140 – 144 .
  • Teschke , K. , Olshan , A.F. Daniels , J.L. 2002 . Occupational exposure assessment in case-control studies: opportunities for improvement . Occup. Environ. Med. , 59 ( 9 ) : 575 – 593 .
  • van Wijngaarden , E. and Stewart , P.A. 2003 . Critical literature review of determinants and levels of occupational benzene exposure for United States community-based case-control studies . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 18 : 678 – 693 .
  • Faith , W.L. , Keyes , D.B. and Clark , R.L. 1965 . Perchloroethylene. Faith, Keyes, and Clark's, Industrial Chemicals , Edited by: F.A. , Lowenheim and M.K. , Moran . 577 – 582 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
  • Mertens , J. 1993 . “ Chlorocarbons and chlorohydrocarbons to combustion technology ” . In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , 50 – 56 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
  • Anonymous: Perchloroethylene: Chemical profile . 1979 . Chemical Marketing Reporter , 216(25) : 9
  • Cogswell , S. 1978 . “ C2 Chlorinated solvents ” . In Chemical Economics Handbook , Menlo Park , Calif : SRI International .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1985 . Integrated Solvent Analysis: Aerosols , Edited by: Geigel , M. and A. , Miller . Washington , D.C. : USEPA . (EPA 44-1 Technical Directives Nos. 2 and 5).
  • Fisher , W. 1976 . Safe handling of perchloroethylene . Focus on Dry Cleaning , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
  • Carpenter , C.P. 1937 . The chronic toxicity of tetrachloroethylene . J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. , 19 : 323 – 336 .
  • Kerr , R.E. 1972 . “Environmental Exposures to Tetrachloroethylene in the Dry Cleaning Industry.” . Thesis (M.S.)–University of Cincinnati .
  • California State Board of Fabricare . Experimental Study on Solvent Discharge from Drycleaning Establishments to the Environment (Field Study of Selected California Drycleaning Plants). , Sacramento , Calif : California State Board of Fabricare . Contract No. EST 05-061. 5-21-1975.
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1977 . A Behavioral and Neurological Evaluation of Dry Cleaners Exposed to Perchloroethylene , Edited by: Tuttle , T.C. , Wood , G.D. , Grether , C.B. , Johnson , B.L. and C. , Xintaras . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (77-214).
  • Anonymous . 1981 . Engineering Control Technology Assessment of the Dry Cleaning Industry , Cambridge , Mass : Arthur D. Little Inc. .
  • Shipman , A.J. and Whim , B.P. 1980 . Occupational exposure to trichloroethylene in metal cleaning processes and to tetrachloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry in the U.K . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 23 ( 2 ) : 197 – 204 .
  • Monster , A. , W. , Regouin-Peeters , A. , van Schijndel and T.J. , van der . 1983 . Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethene . Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , 9 ( 3 ) : 273 – 281 .
  • Lauwerys , R. , Herbrand , J. , Buchet , J.P. , Bernard , A. and Gaussin , J. 1983 . Health surveillance of workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene in dry-cleaning shops . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. , 52 ( 1 ) : 69 – 77 .
  • Franchini , I. , Cavatorta , A. , Falzoi , M. , Lucertini , S. and Mutti , A. 1983 . Early indicators of renal damage in workers exposed to organic solvents . Int. Arch. Occup Environ. Health , 52 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 84-340-1606, Denver Laundry and Dry Cleaning, Denver, Colorado , Edited by: P. , Pryor . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-86-005-1679, Dutch Girl Cleaners, Springdale, Ohio , Edited by: Burr , G. and W. , Todd . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Echeverria , D. , White , R.F. and Sampaio , C. 1995 . A behavioral evaluation of PCE exposure in patients and dry cleaners: a possible relationship between clinical and preclinical effects . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 37 ( 6 ) : 667 – 680 .
  • Anttila , A. , Sallmen , M. and Hemminki , K. 1993 . Carcinogenic chemicals in the occupational environment . Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 72(Suppl. 1) : 69 – 76 .
  • Imbriani , M. , Ghittori , S. , Pezzagno , G. and Capodaglio , E. 1988 . Urinary-excretion of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) in experimental and occupational exposure . Arch. Environ. Health , 43 ( 4 ) : 292 – 298 .
  • Vyskocil , A. , Emminger , S. , Tejral , J. , Fiala , Z. , Ettlerova , E. and Cermanova , A. 1990 . Study on kidney function in female workers exposed to perchlorethylene . Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , 9 ( 6 ) : 377 – 380 .
  • Nakatsuka , H. , Watanabe , T. Takeuchi , Y. 1992 . Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below occupational exposure limits . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. , 64 ( 2 ) : 113 – 117 .
  • Seiji , K. , Jin , C. , Watanabe , T. , Nakatsuka , H. and Ikeda , M. 1990 . Sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral lymphocytes of workers exposed to benzene, trichloroethylene, or tetrachloroethylene, with reference to smoking habits . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 62 ( 2 ) : 171 – 176 .
  • Skender , L.J. , Karacic , V. and Prpicmajic , D. 1991 . A comparative study of human levels of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene after occupational exposure . Arch. Environ. Health , 46 ( 3 ) : 174 – 178 .
  • Cai , S.X. , Huang , M.Y. and Chen , Z. 1991 . Subjective symptom increase among dry-cleaning workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene vapor . Ind. Health , 29 ( 3 ) : 111 – 121 .
  • Mutti , A. , Alinovi , R. Bergamaschi , E. 1992 . Nephropathies and exposure to perchloroethylene in dry-cleaners . Lancet , 340 ( 8813 ) : 189 – 193 .
  • Brodkin , C.A. , Daniell , W. Checkoway , H. 1995 . Hepatic ultrasonic changes in workers exposed to perchloroethylene . Occup. Environ. Med. , 52 ( 10 ) : 679 – 685 .
  • Aggazzotti , G. , Fantuzzi , G. Righi , E. 1994 . Occupational and environmental exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in dry cleaners and their family members . Arch. Environ. Health , 49 ( 6 ) : 487 – 493 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1995 . In-Depth Survey Report: Exposures during the spotting procedure in a commercial dry cleaner at Widmer's Dry Cleaning, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 29-31, 1994 , Edited by: Spencer , A.B. , Earnest , G.S. and R.J. , Kovein . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-201-13b).
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1995 . In-Depth Survey Report: Perchloroethylene Exposures and Ergonomic Risk Factors in Commercial Dry Cleaners at Tuchman Cleaners (Shop no. 24), Carmel, Indiana , Edited by: Earnest , G.S. , Spencer , A.B. and J.D. , McGlothlin . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-201-19a)
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 1995 . In-Depth Survey Report: Chemical Exposures and Fire Safety in Commercial Dry Cleaners at A-One Cleaners, Cincinnati, Ohio , Edited by: G.S. , Earnest . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . CT-201-18a).
  • Earnest , G.S. 1996 . Evaluation and control of perchloroethylene exposures during dry cleaning . Appl. Occup Environ. Hyg. , 11 : 125 – 132 .
  • Andrys , C. , Hanovcova , I. , Chylkova , V , Tejral , J. , Eminger , S. and Prochazkova , J. 1997 . Immunological monitoring of dry-cleaning shop workers—Exposure to tetrachloroethylene . Cent. Eur. J. Public Health , 5(3) : 136 – 142 .
  • Gobba , F. , Righi , E. , Fantuzzi , G. , Predieri , G. , Cavazzuti , L. and Aggazzotti , G. 1998 . Two-year evolution of perchloroethylene-induced color-vision loss . Arch. Environ. Health , 53 ( 3 ) : 196 – 198 .
  • Jo , W.K. and Kim , S.H. 2001 . Worker exposure to aromatic volatile organic compounds in dry cleaning stores . AIHAJ , 62 ( 4 ) : 466 – 471 .
  • Raisanen , J. , R. , Niemela and Rosenberg , C. 2001 . Tetrachloroethylene emissions and exposure in dry cleaning . J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. , 51 ( 12 ) : 1671 – 1675 .
  • Earnest , G.S. 2002 . A control technology evaluation of state-of-the-art, perchloroethylene dry-cleaning machines . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 17 : 352 – 359 .
  • Toraason , M. , Butler , M.A. Ruder , A. 2003 . Effect of perchloroethylene, smoking, and race on oxidative DNA damage in female dry cleaners . Mutat. Res. , 539(1-2) : 9 – 18 .
  • Gobba , F. , Righi , E. , Fantuzzi , G. , Roccatto , L. , Predieri , G. and Aggazzotti , G. 2003 . Perchloroethylene in alveolar air blood, and urine as biologic indices of low-level exposure . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 45 ( 11 ) : 1152 – 1157 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report: HETA 80-124, 230-1168, Aluminum Company of America ALCOA Tennessee , Edited by: Lucas , A.D. and J. , Klemme . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-083-1705, Summit Finishing Company, Inc., Mooresville, Indiana , Edited by: Daniels , W.J. and R.S. , Kramkowski . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1984 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-84-196-1527, Basic Tool and Supply, Oakland, California , Edited by: Belanger , P.L. and M.J. , Coye . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Park , R.M. , Silverstein , M.A. , Green , M.A. and Mirer , F.E. 1990 . Brain cancer mortality at a manufacturer of aerospace electromechanical systems . Am. J. Ind. Med. , 17 ( 5 ) : 537 – 552 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1990 . Bussmann/Cooper Industries, Elizabethtown, Kentucky , Edited by: Sussell , A. and B. , Lushniak . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (HETA-90-172-2076).
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 1983 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-81-409-1290, The Donaldson Company, Incorporated, Dixon, Illinois , Edited by: Moody , P.L. , Kramkowski , R. and M. , Keyserling . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 2002 . In-Depth Survey Report: Control of Perchloroethylene (PCE) in Vapor Degreasing Operations, Site #3 , Edited by: Almaguer , D. , Shulman , S. and K. , Crouch . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH . (CT-256-17b).
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 83-369-1672, Lockheed-Georgia Company, Marietta, Georgia , Edited by: Salisbury , S. , McConnell , R. and K. , Anger . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1984 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-82-075-1545, Pratt And Whitney Aircraft, West Palm Beach, Florida , Edited by: Gorman , R. , Rinsky , R. , Stein , G. and K. , Anderson . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 1984 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 82-040-1119, Synthes LTD. (USA), Monument, Colorado , Edited by: R. , Ruhe . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Von Grote , J. , Hurlimann , C. , Scheringer , M. and Hungerbuhler , K. 2003 . Reduction of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene in metal degreasing over the last 30 years: influences of technology innovation and legislation . J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. , 13(5) : 325 – 340 .
  • Rantala , K. , Riiginen , H. and A. , Anttila . 1992 . Exposure at work, 22 halogenated hydrocarbons , Helsinki , Finland : Finnish Institute of Occupational Health . [In Finnish]
  • Ikeda , M. , Koizumi , A. , Watanabe , T. , A. , Endo and Sato , K. 1980 . Cytogenetic and cytokinetic investigations on lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to tetrachloroethylene . Toxicol. Lett. , 5(3–4) : 251 – 256 .
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . 1996 . SIDS Initial Assessment Report for the 5th SIAM, Tetrachloroethylene , Paris : OECD .
  • Ukai , H. , Inui , S. Takada , S. 1997 . Types of organic solvents used in small-to medium-scale industries in Japan; a nationwide field survey . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 70 ( 6 ) : 385 – 392 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1989 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. MHETA-89-062-2004, Dowty Corporation's Welding Shop, Warrendale, Pennsylvania , Edited by: G. , Kullman . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1996 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-96-0135-26121996, Eagle Knitting Mills, Inc., Shawano, Wisconsin , Edited by: Burton , N. and J. , Monestersky . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1988 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 84-108-1821, Niemand Industries, Inc., Statesville, North Carolina , Edited by: Salisbury , S.A. and S. , Arnold . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1985 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 83-425-1500 , Edited by: Colorado by Gunter , B.J. , Thoburn , T.W. and M. , London . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH, Westview Press, Boulder .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1985 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-83-266-1391, McCourt Label Company, Bradford, Pennsylvania , Edited by: R.L. , Ruhe . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1985 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-335-1629, Lahey Printing Press And Office Building, Littleton, Colorado , Edited by: B.J. , Gunter and T.W. , Thoburn . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 1980 . Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. HHE-78-77-659, R. L. Polk Company, Cincinnati, Ohio , Edited by: Gorman , R.W. and J.H. , Price . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): . 1980 . Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report No. HETA TA-79-7, Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C. , Edited by: W.J. , Chrostek . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-85-482-86-116-1730, Winters Industry Foundry, Canton, Ohio , Edited by: R.L. , Stephenson and W.N. , Albrecht . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA 82-037-1120, Industrial and Automotive Fasteners Inc. , Edited by: Royal , Oak, Michigan , S. , Ahrenholz and K. , Anderson . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1982 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-81-240-1031, Metropolitan Sewer District, Cincinnati, Ohio , Edited by: A.D. , Lucas . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1986 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-82-059-1752, Art Academy of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio , Edited by: L.D. , Reed . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1994 . Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. HETA-93-0351-2413, Goodwill Industries of America, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland , Edited by: N.C. , Burton . Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.