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Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene Volume 6, 2009 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

Measurements of Airborne Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) Concentration in the U.S. Workplace

Karroll Booth Bayer MaterialScience LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
,
Barbara Cummings Bayer MaterialScience LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
,
William J. Karoly IH Consultant, Landenberg, Pennsylvania
,
Sharon Mullins BASF Corporation, Wyandotte, Michigan
,
William P. Robert BASF Corporation, Wyandotte, Michigan
,
Mark Spence The Dow Chemical Company–EH&S, Midland, Michigan
,
Fran W. Lichtenberg fwl communications, Fairfield, Connecticut
&
J. Banta School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
 show all
Pages 228-238 | Published online: 03 Feb 2009

REFERENCES

  • Allport , D. C. , D.S. , Gilbert and S.M. , Outterside . 2003 . “ Part 3: Health. ” . In MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment—A Source Book and Practical Guide , 168 – 228 . Chichester, UK : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. .
  • “Table Z-1: Limits for Air Contaminants,” . 2004 . Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1910.1000
  • ACGIH® . 2006 . TLVs® and BEIs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices , Cincinnati, , Ohio : ACGIH .
  • Levine , S. P. , K.J. , D. Hillig , Dharmarajan , V. , M.W. , Spence and M.D. , Baker . 1995 . Critical review of methods for sampling, analysis, and monitoring for TDI and MDI . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J , 56 : 581 – 589 .
  • Allport , D. C. , D.S. , Gilbert and S.M. , Outterside . 2003 . “ Part 5: Supporting sciences ” . In MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment—A Source Book and Practical Guide. , 310 Chichester, U.K. : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. .
  • Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI) of the American Chemistry Council . 2004 . 2004 End-Use Market Survey on the Polyurethane Industry in the United States, Canada, and Mexico , Arlington, Va : Center for the Polyurethanes Industry (CPI) of the American Chemistry Council .
  • Karoly , W. J. , J.J. , Flatley , R.D. , Stevenson and J.D. , Bowers . 2004 . Airborne concentrations of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in North American wood mills during the manufacturing of oriented strand board (OSB) . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg , 1 : 789 – 798 .
  • Streicher , R. P. , C.M. , Reh , R.J. , Key-Schwartz , P.C. , Schlecht , M.E. , Cassinelli and P.F. , O'Connor . 2000 . Determination of airborne isocyanate exposure: Considerations in method selection . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J , 61 : 544 – 556 .
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1998 . “ Isocyanates, Method 5522 ” . In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), , Fourth Edition , Cincinnati, , Ohio : NIOSH .
  • Health , a nd . 1994 . “ Safety Executive (HSE) ” . In Organic Isocyanates in Air , London : HSE . (MDHS 25/2)
  • Lesage , J. , Stanley , J. , W.J. , Karoly and F.W. , Lichtenberg . 2007 . Airborne methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) concentrations associated with the application of polyurethane spray foam in residential construction . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg , 4 : 145 – 155 .
  • Karoly , W.J. 1998 . Stability studies of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) of glass fiber filters . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J , 59 : 645 – 647 .
  • Randall , D. and Lee , S. 2002 . The Polyurethanes Book , 342 – 344 . Chichester, U.K. : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. .

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