Inactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) on Various Environmental Surfaces by Mist Application of a Stabilized Chlorine Dioxide and Quaternary Ammonium Compound-Based Disinfectant

REFERENCES

• Lankford , M. G. , Collins , S. Youngberg , L. 2006 . Assessment of materials commonly utilized in health care: Implications for bacterial survival and transmission . Am. J. Infect. Control , 34 : 258 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce , J. M. 2007 . Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection . J. Hosp. Infect. , 65 ( S2 ) : 50 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , L. G. and An Diep , B. 2008 . Colonization, fomites, and virulence: Rethinking the pathogenesis of community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection . Clin. Infect. Dis. , 46 : 752 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayliffe , G. A. J. 2001 . “ Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcal infections ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 491 – 504 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Assar , S. K. and Block , S. S. 2001 . “ Survival of microorganisms in the environment ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 1221 – 1242 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Hota , B. 2004 . Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: Are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? . Clin. Infect. Dis. , 39 : 1182 – 1189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , R. , Mehta , S. Weed , D. 2006 . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus survival on hospital fomites . Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. , 27 ( 11 ) : 1267 – 1269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , A. , Schwebke , I. and Kampf , G. 2006 . How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review . BMC Infect. Dis. , 6 : 130 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , A. N. and Maley , M. P. 2000 . Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 38 ( 2 ) : 724 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , E. , Gaber , D. J. and Cusak , T. M. 2001 . “ Chemical disinfection of microbial contaminants on surfaces ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 1205 – 1219 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Shiomori , T. , Miyamoto , H. Makisima , K. 2002 . Evaluation of bedmaking-related airborne and surface methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination . J. Hosp. Infect. Control , 50 : 30 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , A. C. , Harrington , G. Russo , P. 2004 . Rate of nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from isolated patients . Intern. Med. J. , 34 ( 8 ) : 510 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiazGranados , C. A. and Jernigan , J. A. 2005 . Impact of vancomycin resistance on mortality among patients with neutropenia and enterococcal bloodstream infection . J. Infect. Dis. , 191 ( 4 ) : 588 – 595 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddadin , A. S. , Fappiano , S. A. and Lipsett , P. A. 2002 . Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the intensive care unit . Postgrad. Med. J. , 78 ( 921 ) : 385 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanforth , B. , Krause , A. Starkey , C. 2010 . Prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in high school wrestling environments . J. Environ. Health , 72 ( 6 ) : 12 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felkner , M. , Andrews , K. Field , L. H. 2009 . Detection of Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA on environmental surfaces in a jail setting . J. Correct. Health Care , 15 ( 4 ) : 310 – 317 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott , E. , Duty , S. and Callahan , M. 2008 . A pilot study to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus from environmental surfaces in the home . Am. J. Infect. Control , 36 ( 6 ) : 458 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassem , I. I. , Sigler , V. and Esseili , M. A. 2007 . Public computer surfaces are reservoirs for methicillin-resistant staphylococci . ISME J. , 1 ( 3 ) : 265 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter , J. A. and French , G. L. 2009 . Bacterial contamination on touch surfaces in the public transport system and in public areas of a hospital in London . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. , 49 ( 6 ) : 803 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr , B. M. 2004 . Prevention and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections . Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. , 17 ( 4 ) : 317 – 322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell , N. H. and Humphreys , H. 2000 . Intensive care unit design and environmental factors in the acquisition of infection . J. Hosp. Infect. , 45 ( 4 ) : 255 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junli , H. , Lihua , C. and Zhenye , Z. 2001 . The pattern of ClO2 stabilized by Na2CO3/H2O2 . Water Res. , 35 ( 10 ) : 2570 – 2573 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dychdala , G. R. 2001 . “ Chlorine and chlorine compounds ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 135 – 157 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Harakeh , S. , Illescas , A. and Matin , A. 1988 . Inactivation of bacteria by purogene . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 64 ( 5 ) : 459 – 463 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merianos , J. J. 2001 . “ Surface active agents ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 283 – 320 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , A. D. 2001 . “ Principles of antimicrobial activity and resistance ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 31 – 55 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• AOAC International . 2006 . “ Methods 955.15 and 964.02 ” . In Official Methods of Analysis, , 18th Edition , Gaithersburg, Md. : AOAC International .
   Google Scholar
• Ioannou , C. J. , Hanlon , G. W. and Denyer , S. P. 2007 . Action of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds against Staphylococcus aureus . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 51 ( 1 ) : 296 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , H. , Volin , E. and Laumann , D. 1968 . Terminal disinfection in hospitals with quaternary ammonium compounds by use of a spray-fog technique . Appl. Microbiol. , 16 ( 2 ) : 223 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knapp , J. E. and Battisti , D. L. 2001 . “ Chlorine dioxide ” . In Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, , 5th Edition , Edited by: Block , S. S. 215 – 227 . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . 2008 . Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities, 2008 , Atlanta : CDC . http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/Disinfection_Nov_2008.pdf by W. A. Rutala, D. J. Weber, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
   Google Scholar