Letters to the Editor

REFERENCES

• Kopstein , M. 2011 . Estimating airborne benzene exposures from air monitoring data for mineral spirits . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 8 ( 5 ) : 300 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein , M. 2006 . Potential uses of petrochemical products can result in significant benzene exposures: MSDSs must list benzene as an ingredient . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaques , A. M. 2006 . Benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 ( 9 ) : D85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein , M. 2006 . Letters to the editor: Benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 : D87 – D90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , R. , Rohde , A. and Daughtrey , W. 2007 . Benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents—response to author's reply . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 4 ( 6 ) : D60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein , M. 2008 . Benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents—Further response to McKee et al . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 ( 1 ) : D11 – D13 . author reply D13–20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , R. H. , Rohde , A. M. and Daughtrey , W. C. 2008 . Letters to the editor. Reply to benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents—Further response to McKee et al . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 : D13 – D20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. R. , Panko , J. M. , Unice , K. , Brown , J. L. and Paustenbach , D. J. 2008 . Occupational exposures associated with petroleum-derived products containing trace levels of benzene . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 ( 9 ) : 565 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedoruk , M. J. , Bronstein , R. and Kerger , B. D. 2003 . Benzene exposure assessment for use of a mineral spirits-based degreaser . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 18 ( 10 ) : 764 – 771 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 1987 . “Occupational Exposure to Benzene, Final Rule,” . Federal Register , 52 ( 176 ) : 34460 – 34578 .
   Google Scholar
• Amoruso , M. A. , Gamble , J. F. , McKee , R. H. , Rohde , A. M. and Jaques , A. 2008 . Review of the toxicology of mineral spirits . Int. J. Toxicol. , 27 ( 1 ) : 97 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunting , K. L. , Longbottom , H. , Kalavar , S. S. , Stern , F. , Schwartz , E. and Welch , L. S. 1995 . Haematopoietic cancer mortality among vehicle mechanics . Occup. Environ. Med. , 52 ( 10 ) : 673 – 678 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1991 . Final Report, Health Hazard Evaluation, District of Columbia Department of Public Works, July 5–6 and 19, 1990, HETA 90-256A , Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• “Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Stoddard Solvent Toxicity.” . [Online] Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/stoddard/docs/stoddard.pdf (accessed Sept. 22, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , E. , Popendorf , W. , Hanson , D. and Prausnitz , J. 1982 . Predicting relative vapor ratios for organic solvent mixtures . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 43 ( 9 ) : 656 – 661 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicas , M. , Plisko , M. J. and Spencer , J. W. 2006 . Estimating benzene exposure at a solvent parts washer . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 ( 5 ) : 284 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , C. B. , Simmons , C. E. and Anthony , T. R. , eds. 2009 . Mathematical Models for Estimating Occupational Exposure to Chemicals , Fairfax , Va : AIHA .
   Google Scholar
• Fehrenbacher , M. C. and Hummel , A. A. 1996 . Evaluation of the mass balance model used by the Environmental Protection Agency for estimating inhalation exposure to new chemical substances . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 57 ( 6 ) : 526 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keil , C. B. and Nicas , M. 2003 . Predicting room vapor concentrations due to spills of organic solvents . AIHA J. 64 , 4 : 445 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Z. 2002 . Review of indoor emission source models. Part 2. Parameter estimation . Environ. Pollut. , 120 ( 3 ) : 551 – 564 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins , H. B. , Comproni , E. and Pagnotto , L. D. 1963 . Industrial benzene exposure from petroleum naphtha: II. Pertinent physical properties of hydrocarbon mixtures . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 24 ( 2 ) : 99 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , P. , Bogen , K. T. , Hicks , J. , Goswami , E. , Brorby , G. Lau , E. C. 2010 . Benzene inhalation by parts washers: New estimates based on measures of occupational exposure to solvent coaromatics . Risk Anal. 30 , 8 : 1249 – 1267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein , M. 2011 . Estimating airborne benzene exposures from air monitoring data for mineral spirits . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 8 ( 5 ) : 300 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , C. , Kinkead , E. , Geary , D. , Sullivan , L. and King , J. 1975 . Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. III. Animal and human responses to vapors of Stoddard solvent . Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. , 32 : 282 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madl , A. and Paustenbach , D. 2002 . Airborne concentrations of benzene and mineral spirits (Stoddard solvent) during cleaning of a locomotive generator and traction motor . J. Toxicol. Environ. Health , 65 ( 23 ) : 1965 – 1979 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunting , K. , Longbottom , H. , Kalavar , S. , Stern , F. , Schwartz , E. and Welch , L. 1995 . Haematopoietic cancer mortality among vehicle mechanics . Occup. And Env. Med. , 52 : 673 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1991 . Final Report, Health Hazard Evaluation, District of Columbia Department of Public Works, July 5–6 and 19, 1990, HETA 90-256A , Cincinnati , Ohio : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• “Stoddard Solvent Toxicity.” . [Online]Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/stoddard/docs/stoddard.pdf (accessed August 11, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• “Case Studies in Environmental Medicine.” . [Online] Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html (accessed August 12, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• McKee , R. H. , Rohde , A. M. and Daughtrey , W. C. 2007 . Letter to the Editor: Benzene levels in hydrocarbon solvents—Response to author's reply . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 4 ( 6 ) : D60 – D62. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee , R. , Kopstein , M. , Rohde , A. M. and Daughtrey , W. 2008 . Letters to the editor (Appendix) . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 : D13 – D20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. , Panko , J. , Unice , K. , Brown , J. and Paustenbach , D. 2008 . Occupational exposures associated with petroleum-derived products containing trace levels of benzene . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 5 ( 9 ) : 565 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoruso , M. , Gamble , J. , McKee , R. and Jaques , A. 2008 . Review of the toxicology of mineral spirits . Int. J. Toxicol. , 27 ( 1 ) : 97 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan , P. , Bogen , K. Hicks , J. 2010 . Benzene inhalation by parts washers: New estimates based on measures of occupational exposure to solvent coaromatics . Risk Anal. 30 , : 1249 – 1267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M . October 9, 2009 . JOEH Editor in Chief, Letter to Melvyn Kopstein .
   Google Scholar
• Pancirov and McSweeney . January 1978 . An Analytical Testing Method for the Determination of Benzene and Toluene in Hydrocarbon Liquids. Exxon Research and Engineering Company (Analytical and Information Division) .
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International . 1982 . D 3606-06 Standard Test Method for Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Gas Chromatography. [Historical standard] , West Conshohocken , Pa. : ASTM .
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International . 1984 . D 4367-84 Standard Test Method for Trace Benzene in Hydrocarbon Solvents by Gas Chromatography. [Historical standard] , West Conshohocken, Pa : ASTM .
   Google Scholar
• Grob , R. L. and Barry , E. F. 2004 . Modern Practice of Gas Chromatograph , Fourth Edition , Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) . 1996 . Method 8260B, Volatile Organic Compounds By Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Revision 2 , Washington , D.C. : USEPA .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , C. , Kinkead , E. , Geary , D. , Sullivan , L. and King , J. 1975 . Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. I. Methodology . Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. , 32 : 246 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckles , G. March 12, 1990 . Exxon Chemical Company Performance Products Group . Letter to R. Donley Safety Kleen Corp.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1987 . “ Some organic solvents, resin monomers and related compounds, pigments, and occupational exposures in paint manufacture and painting ” . In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans , Vol. 47 , Lyon , , France : IARC .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 1977 . NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard—Occupational Exposure to Refined Petroleum Solvents. DHEW (NIOSH) Pub. No. 77-192 , Washington , D.C. : DHEW, CDC, NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• International Programme on Chemical Safety . 1996 . Environmental Health Criteria 187, White Spirit (Stoddard Solvent) , 28 – 41 . Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Fedoruk , M. , Bronstein , R. and Kerger , B. 2003 . Benzene exposure assessment for use of a mineral spirits-based degreaser . Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg , 18 : 764 – 781 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan , P. , Malzahn , D. , Goswami , E. and Mandel , J. 2008 . Simulation of benzene exposure during use of a mineral spirit solvent to clean elevator bearing housings . Human Ecol. Risk Assess. , 14 ( 3 ) : 532 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. , Unice , K. , Brown , J. and Paustenbach , D. “Benzene Exposures from Petroleum Derived Solvents Containing Trace Levels of Benzene in Occupational Settings.” . Presented at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition . Philadelphia , Pa.
   Google Scholar
• Popendorf , W. 1984 . Vapor pressure and solvent vapor hazards . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 10 : 719 – 726 .
   Google Scholar
• Fehrenbacher , C and Hummel , A. 1996 . Evaluation of the mass balance model used by the Environmental Protection Agency for estimating inhalation exposure to new chemical substances . AIHAJ , 57 : 526 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen , F. , Olsen , E. and Fredenslund , A. 1995 . Prediction of isothermal evaporation rates of pure volatile organic compounds in occupational environments—A theoretical approach based on laminar boundary layer theory . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 39 ( 4 ) : 497 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgway , K. and Butler , P. 1967 . Some physical properties of the ternary system benzene-cyclohexane n-hexane . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 12 ( 4 ) : 509 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miremhrabi , M. , Rohani , S. and Perry , L. 2006 . Thermodynamic modeling of activity coefficient and prediction of solubility: Part 1. Predictive methods . J. Pharma. Sci. , 95 ( 4 ) : 790 – 797 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , A. and Kropholler , H. 1962 . Vapor liquid equilibria at atmospheric pressure . J. Chem. Eng. Data , 7 ( 1 ) : 26 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Prausnitz , J. 1969 . Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria , 469 Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , R. 1997 . Perry's Chemical Engineers’ Handbook , 4 – 11 . 4 – 25 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Nicas , M. , Plisko , M. and Spencer , J. 2006 . Estimating benzene exposure at a solvent parts washer . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 : 284 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaws , C. 1999 . Chemical Properties Handbook , New York : McGraw-Hill Handbooks .
   Google Scholar
• Keil , C. , ed. 2000 . Mathematical Models for Estimating Occupational Exposures to Chemicals , Fairfax , Va. : AIHA Press .
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) . 1984 . Petroleum Distillate Fractions . Method 48, by M.L. Shulsky
   Google Scholar
• Radiator Specialty Company . 2011 . “Material Safety Data Sheet for Gunk Parts Washer Solvent.” , Indian Trail , N.C. : Radiator Specialty Company .
   Google Scholar
• Paustenbach , D. , Knutsen , J. , Hollins , D. , Sahmel , J. and Madl , A. 2010 . Comparison of modeled and measured concentrations of airborne benzene from the use of petroleum-based solvents spiked with low levels of benzene . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 184 ( 1–2 ) : 296 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein , M. 2006 . Potential uses of petrochemical products can result in significant benzene exposures: MSDSs must list benzene as an ingredient . J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. , 3 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar