Antineoplastic Drug Contamination of Surfaces Throughout the Hospital Medication System in Canadian Hospitals

REFERENCES

• Acampora , A. , Castiglia , L. Miraglia , N. 2005 . A case study: Surface contamination of cyclophosphamide due to working practices and cleaning procedures in two Italian hospitals . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 49 ( 7 ) : 611 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , T. H. , DeBord , D. G. Pretty , J. R. 2010 . Evaluation of antineoplastic drug exposure of health care workers at three university-based US cancer centers . J. Occup. Environ. Med. , 52 ( 10 ) : 1019 – 1027 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedmer , M. , Tinnerberg , H. , Axmon , A. and Joensson , B. A.G. 2008 . Environmental and biological monitoring of antineoplastic drugs in four workplaces in a Swedish hospital . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 81 ( 7 ) : 899 – 911 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siderov , J. , Kirsa , S. and McLauchlan , R. 2009 . Surface contamination of cytotoxic chemotherapy preparation areas in Australian hospital pharmacy departments . J. Pharm. Pract. Res. , 39 ( 2 ) : 117
   Google Scholar
• Turci , R. , Sottani , C. , Spagnoli , G. and Minoia , C. 2003 . Biological and environmental monitoring of hospital personnel exposed to antineoplastic agents: A review of analytical methods . J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. , 789 ( 2 ) : 169 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransman , W. , Vermeulen , R. and Kromhout , H. 2004 . Occupational dermal exposure to cyclophosphamide in Dutch hospitals: A pilot study . Ann Occup Hyg. , 48 ( 3 ) : 237 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dranitsaris , G. , Johnston , M. Poirier , S. 2005 . Are health care providers who work with cancer drugs at an increased risk for toxic events? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 11 ( 2 ) : 69 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritchie , M. A. , McAdams , C. and Fritz , N. 2000 . Exposure risk in the handling and administration of chemotherapy agents: A review and synthesis of the literature . Online J. Knowl. Synth. Nurs. (Feb. 2) , 7 : 4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connor , T. H. and McDiarmid , M. A. 2006 . Preventing occupational exposures to antineoplastic drugs in health care settings . CA Cancer J. Clin. , 56 ( 6 ) : 354 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , T. H. , Anderson , R. W. , Sessink , P. J. , Broadfield , L. and Power , L. A. 1999 . Surface contamination with antineoplastic agents in six cancer treatment centers in Canada and the United States . Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. , 56 ( 14 ) : 1427 – 1432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preventing Occupational Exposure to Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Health Care Settings . Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004–165/ (accessed November 30, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Schulz , H. , Bigelow , S. , Dobish , R. and Chambers , C. R. 2005 . Antineoplastic agent workplace contamination study: The Alberta Cancer Board Pharmacy perspective . J. Oncol. Pharm Pract. , 11 ( 3 ) : 101 – 109 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bigelow , S. , Schulz , H. , Dobish , R. and Chambers , C. R. 2009 . Antineoplastic agent workplace contamination study: The Alberta Cancer Board Pharmacy perspective Phase III . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 15 ( 3 ) : 157 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bussieres , J-F. , Theoret , Y. , Prot-Labarthe , S. and Larocque , D. 2007 . Program to monitor surface contamination by methotrexate in a hematology-oncology satellite pharmacy . Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. , 64 ( 5 ) : 531 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touzin , K. , Bussieres , J. F. , Langlois , E. and Lefebvre , M. 2009 . Evaluation of surface contamination in a hospital hematology-oncology pharmacy . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 15 ( 1 ) : 53 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu , W. C. , Hon , C-Y. , Danyluk , Q. , Chua , P. P.S. and Astrakianakis , G. 2012 . Pilot assessment of the antineoplastic drug contamination levels in British Columbian hospitals pre- and post-cleaning . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 18 ( 1 ) : 46 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garlantezec , P. L. , Rizzo-Padoin , N. , Lamand , V. , Aupée , O. , Broto , H. and Alméras , D. 2011 . Manipulation des médicaments anticancéreux à l’hôpital: le point sur l’exposition et sur les mesures de prévention [Handling of antineoplastic drugs in the hospital: Focus on exposure and on protective measures] . Archives des Maladies Professionnelles et de l’Environnement , 72 ( 1 ) : 24 – 35 . [In French]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon , C-Y. , Teschke , K. , Chua , P. , Venners , S. and Nakashima , L. 2011 . Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs: Identification of job categories potentially exposed throughout the hospital medication system . Saf. Health Work , 2 : 273 – 281 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suspiro , A. and Prista , J. 2011 . Biomarkers of occupational exposure do anticancer agents: A mini-review . Toxicol. Lett. , 207 ( 1 ) : 42 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsel , D. 2009 . Much ado about next to nothing: Incorporating nondetects in science . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 54 ( 3 ) : 257 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung , R. and Reed , L. 1990 . Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , 5 : 46 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , J. , Koda , S. , Nishida , S. , Yoshida , T. , Miyajima , K. and Kumagai , S. 2011 . Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 17 ( 1 ) : 29 – 38 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason , H. J. , Blair , S. Sams , C. 2005 . Exposure to antineoplastic drugs in two UK hospital pharmacy units . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 49 ( 7 ) : 603 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransman , W. , Vermeulen , R. and Kromhout , H. 2005 . Dermal exposure to cyclophosphamide in hospitals during preparation, nursing and cleaning activities . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ Health , 78 ( 5 ) : 403 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierl , R. , Böhlandt , A. and Nowak , D. 2009 . Guidance values for surface monitoring of antineoplastic drugs in German pharmacies . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 53 ( 7 ) : 703 – 711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , I. , Apostoli , P. , Della , R. and Henrique , V. 2008 . Cyclophosphamide levels in sites of preparation and administration of antineoplastic drugs . Lat. Am. J. Pharm. , 27 ( 2 ) : 217 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmaus , G. , Schierl , R. and Funck , S. 2002 . Monitoring surface contamination by antineoplastic drugs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and voltammetry . Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. , 59 ( 10 ) : 956 – 961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sottani , C. , Porro , B. , Imbriani , M. and Minoia , C. 2011 . Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in four Italian health care settings . Toxicol. Lett. , 213 ( 1 ) : 107 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedmer , M. , Höglund , P. , Cavallin-Ståhl , E. , Albin , M. and Jönsson , B. A.G. 2008 . Validation of urinary excretion of cyclophosphamide as a biomarker of exposure by studying its renal clearance at high and low plasma concentrations in cancer patients . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 81 ( 3 ) : 285 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connor , T. H. , Sessink , P. J.M. Harrison , B. R. 2005 . Surface contamination of chemotherapy drug vials and evaluation of new vial-cleaning techniques: Results of three studies . Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. , 62 ( 5 ) : 475 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schierl , R. , Herwig , A. , Pfaller , A. , Groebmair , S. and Fischer , E. 2010 . Surface contamination of antineoplastic drug vials: Comparison of unprotected and protected vials . Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. , 67 ( 6 ) : 428 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedmer , M. , Georgiadi , A. , Bremberg , E. R. , Jönsson , B. A.G. and Eksborg , S. 2005 . Surface contamination of cyclophosphamide packaging and surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs in a hospital pharmacy in Sweden . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 49 ( 7 ) : 629 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessink , P. J. and Bos , R. P. 1999 . Drugs hazardous to healthcare workers. Evaluation of methods for monitoring occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs . Drug Saf. , 20 ( 4 ) : 347 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crauste-Manciet , S. , Sessink , P. J. , Ferrari , S. , Jomier , J. Y. and Brossard , D. 2005 . Environmental contamination with cytotoxic drugs in healthcare using positive air pressure isolators . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 49 ( 7 ) : 619 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellman , J. M. 1987 . The spread of chemotherapeutic agents at work: Assessment through simulation . Cancer Invest. , 5 ( 2 ) : 75 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren , O. , Gustavsson , B. and Eriksson , R. 2005 . A test method for assessment of spill and leakage from drug preparation systems . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 49 ( 8 ) : 711 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessink , P. J. , Boer , K. A. , Scheefhals , A. P. , Anzion , R. B. and Bos , R. P. 1992 . Occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents at several departments in a hospital. Environmental contamination and excretion of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in urine of exposed workers . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 64 ( 2 ) : 105 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turci , R. , Minoia , C. Sottani , C. 2011 . Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in seven Italian hospitals: The effect of quality assurance and adherence to guidelines . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 17 ( 4 ) : 320 – 332 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touzin , K. , Bussieres , J. F. , Langlois , E. , Lefebvre , M. and Metra , A. 2010 . Pilot study comparing the efficacy of two cleaning techniques in reducing environmental contamination with cyclophosphamide . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 54 ( 3 ) : 351 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiura , S. , Asano , M. , Kinoshita , K. , Tanimura , M. and Nabeshima , T. 2011 . Risks to health professionals from hazardous drugs in Japan: A pilot study of environmental and biological monitoring of occupational exposure to cyclophosphamide . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 17 ( 1 ) : 14 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barzan , C. V. Towards the Reduction of Occupational Exposure to Cytotoxic Drugs . Available at https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/29487 (accessed August 5, 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Hama , K. , Fukushima , K. , Hirabatake , M. , Hashida , T. and Kataoka , K. 2012 . Verification of surface contamination of Japanese cyclophosphamide vials and an example of exposure by handling . J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract. , 18 ( 2 ) : 201 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar