The Audiological Health of Horn Players

REFERENCES

• Mikl , K. 1995 . Orchestral music: An assessment of risk . Acoust. Aust. , 23 ( 2 ) : 51 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien , I. , Wilson , W. and Bradley , A. 2008 . Nature of orchestral noise . J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 124 : 926 – 939 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride , D. , Gill , F. Proops , D. 1992 . Noise and the classical musician . Brit. Med. J. 305 , : 1561 – 1564 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , J. H. , Pedersen , E. R. Juhl , P. M. 2011 . Sound exposure of symphony orchestra musicians . Ann. Occup. Hyg. , 55 ( 8 ) : 893 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp , J . 1992 . and S. Horstman: musician sound exposure during performance of Wagner's Ring Cycle . Med. Probl. Perform. Art. , 7 : 37 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. , Behar , A. Kunov , H. 1995 . Musicians’ noise exposure in the orchestra pit . Appl. Acoust. , 66 : 919 – 931 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folprechtova , A. and Miskovska , O. 1978 . The acoustical conditions in a symphony orchestra . Pacovni Lekarstvi , 28 : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Axelsson , A . 1981 . and F. Lindgren: Hearing in classical musicians . Acta Otolaryngol. Supplementum. Supp , 377 : 3 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chesky , K. and Henoch , M. 2000 . Instrument-specific reports of hearing loss: Differences between classical and nonclassical musicians . Med. Probl. Perform. Art. , 15 ( 1 ) : 35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson , K. , Lundquist , P. and Olaussen , T. 1983 . The hearing of symphony orchestra musicians . Scand. Audiol. , 12 ( 4 ) : 257 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. , Sherman , R. Aldridge , J. 1985 . Effects of instrument type and orchestral position on hearing sensitivity for 0.25 to 20 kHz in the orchestral musician . Scand. Audiol. , 14 ( 4 ) : 215 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , N. M. , LePage , E. L. and Mikl , K. 1998 . Inner ear damage in an opera theatre orchestra as detected by otoacoustic emissions, pure tone audiometry and sound levels . Aust. J. Audiol. , 20 : 67 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , E. , Helleman , H. Dreschler , W. 2009 . Noise induced hearing loss and other hearing complaints among musicians of symphony orchestras . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health , 82 : 153 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , S. , Henrich , V. and Mace , S. 2010 . Prevalence of noise-induced hearing loss in student musicians . Int. J. Audiol. , 49 ( 4 ) : 309 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , A. 2011 . Student musicians’ perception of loudness and how it correlates to the measured level. Program in Audiology and Communication Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine . Independent Studies and Capstones , Paper 604
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , R. H. 2011 . Some observations on the nature of the audiometric 4000 hz notch: Data from 3430 veterans . J. Am. Acad. Audiol. , 22 : 23 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttunen , K. , Sivonen , V. and Pöykkö , V. 2011 . Symphony orchestra musicians’ use of hearing protection and attenuation of custom-made hearing protectors as measured with two different real-ear attenuation at threshold methods . Noise Health , 13 ( 51 ) : 176 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laitinen , H. 2005 . Factors affecting the use of hearing protectors among classical music players . Noise Health , 7 ( 26 ) : 21 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laitinen , H. and Poulsen , T. 2008 . Questionnaire investigation of musicians’ use of hearing protectors, self reported hearing disorders, and their experience of their working environment . Int. J. Audiol. , 47 ( 4 ) : 160 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zander , M. , Spahn , C. and Richter , B. 2008 . Employment and acceptance of hearing protectors in classical symphony and opera orchestras . Noise Health , 10 ( 38 ) : 14 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carhart , R. and Jerger , J. F. 1959 . Preferred method for clinical determination of pure-tone thresholds . J. Speech Hear. Disord. , 24 : 330 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) . 2001 . Electroacoustics—Audiological Equipment. Part 1—Pure-Tone Audiometers (IEC 60645-2002) , [Standard] IEC .
   Google Scholar
• Schlauch , R. and Carney , E. 2011 . Are false-positive rates leading to an overestimation of noise-induced hearing loss? . J. Speech Lang. Hear. R. , 54 ( 2 ) : 679 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , H. , Dobie , R. , Ko , C. , Themann , C. and Murphy , W. 2010 . Americans hear as well or better today compared with 40 years ago: hearing threshold levels in the unscreened adult population of the United States, 1959–1962 and 1999–2004 . Ear Hearing , 31 ( 6 ) : 725 – 734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz , P. , Galusha , D. , Slade , M. , Dixon-Ernst , C. , Sircar , K. and Dobie , R. 2006 . Audiogram notches in noise-exposed workers . Ear Hearing , 27 ( 6 ) : 742 – 750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton , B . 2005 . Variation of young normal-hearing thresholds measured using different audiometric earphones: Implications for the acoustic coupler and the ear simulator . Int. J. Audiol. , 44 ( 8 ) : 444 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles , R. , Lutman , M. and Buffin , J. 2000 . Guidelines on the diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss for medicolegal purposes . Clin. Otolaryngol. , 25 ( 4 ) : 264 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutman , M. and Qasem , H. 1998 . “ A source of audiometric notches at 6kHz ” . In Biological Effects of Noise , Edited by: Prasher , D. and Luxon , L. 170 – 176 . London : Whurr .
   Google Scholar
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) . 1970 . IEC Provisional Reference Coupler for the Calibration of Earphones Used in Audiometry (IEC 303) , 303 [Standard] IEC .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Standard/International Standards Organisation . 2001 . Acous- tics—Statistical Distribution of Hearing Thresholds as a Function of Age: Annex C - Selected Values of the Statistical Distribution of Hearing Threshold Deviations (AS ISO 7029-2003) , [Standard] Sydney : AS/ISO .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. G. 1981 . Uses and abuses of hearing loss classification . ASHA , 23 ( 7 ) : 493 – 500 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chesky , K. , Pair , M. and Yoshimura , E. 2009 . An evaluation of musician earplugs with college music students . Int. J. Audiol. , 48 : 661 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laitinen , H. , Toppila , E. , Olkinoura , P. and Kuisma , K. 2003 . Sound exposure among the Finnish National Opera personnel . Appl. Occ. Env. Hyg. , 18 ( 3 ) : 177 – 182 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seither-Preisler , A. , Johnson , L. Krumbholz , K. Tone sequences with conflicting fundamental pitch and timbre changes are heard differently by musicians and nonmusicians . J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. , 33 ( 3 ) 743 – 751 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kähäri , K. R. , Aexlsson , A. , Hellström , P. and Zachau , G. 2001 . Hearing development in classical orchestral musicians. A follow-up study . Scand. Audiol. , 30 : 141 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar