4,912
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Silica Exposures in Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining in Tanzania and Implications for Tuberculosis Prevention

, &

REFERENCES

  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Health Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica. NIOSH, 2002.
  • Stuckler, D., S. Basu, M. McKee, and M. Lurie: Mining and risk of tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Amer. J. Public Health 101(3):524–530 (2011).
  • Rees, D., J. Murray, G. Nelson, and P. Sonnenberg: Oscillating migration and the epidemics of silicosis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection in South African gold miners. Amer. J. Industr. Med. 53(4):398–404 (2010).
  • Verma, D.K., G.S. Rajhans, O.P. Malik, and K. des Tombe: Respirable dust and respirable silica exposure in Ontario gold mines. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11(2):111–116 (2014).
  • Churchyard, G.J., R. Ehrlich, J.M. teWaterNaude, et al.: Silicosis prevalence and exposure-response relations in South African goldminers. Occup. Environ. Med. 61(10):811–816 (2004).
  • Asner, G.P., W. Llactayo, R. Tupayachi, and E.R. Luna: Elevated Rates of Gold Mining in the Amazon Revealed through High-Resolution Monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(46):18454–18459 (2013).
  • UNEP: “Analysis of formalization approaches in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector based on experiences in Ecuador, Mongolia, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda: Tanzania Case Study,” June 2012.
  • Carstens, J., N. Garrett, M. Lintzer, M. Priester, and T. Hentschel: “Implementing Transparency in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining Sector. Projekt Consult GmbH with Resources Consulting Services for BGR,” 2009. Available at http://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Politikberatung_SV_MER/Downloads/studien_berichte_EITI_ASM.pdf?—blob=publicationFile&v=1(accessed November 4, 2014).
  • UNEP: Environment for Development Perspectives: Mercury Use in ASGM, Geneva, 2011.
  • Plumlee, G.S., J.T. Durant, S.A. Morman, et al.: Linking geological and health sciences to assess childhood lead poisoning from artisanal gold mining in Nigeria. Environ. Health Perspect. 121:744–750 (2013).
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Arsenic, Metals, Fibers and Dusts; 100C:355–405, 2012.
  • Rees, D., and J. Murray: Silica, Silicosis and tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 11(5):474–484 (2007).
  • WHO:Global Tuberculosis Report.Geneva,Switzerland,2014. Available at:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137094/1/9789241564809_eng.pdf?ua=(accessed December 23, 2014).
  • Wischi, H.R., and J.A. Last: Toxic Response of the Respiratory System. In The Basic Science of Poisons, 6th ed. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology. C.D. Klaassen (ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. pp. 526–529.
  • Tse, L.A., Z.M. Li, T.W. Wong, Z.M. Fu, and I.T. Yu: High prevalence of accelerated silicosis among gold miners in Jiangxi, China. Amer. J. Industr. Med. 50(12):876–880 (2007).
  • Seaton, A., J.S. Legge, J. Henderson, and K.M. Kerr: Accelerated silicosis in Scottish stonemasons. Lancet 337(8737):341–344 (1991).
  • Akgun, M., A. Mirici, E.Y. Ucar, M. Kantarci, O. Araz, and M. Gorguner: Silicosis in Turkish denim sandblasters. Occup. Med. (8):554–558 (2006).
  • OSHA: OSHA, 29 C.F.R. Parts 1910, 1915, and 1926: Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica; Proposed Rule, September 12, 2013.
  • OSHA: “Silica, Crystalline Quartz”, Available at https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_266740.html2014).
  • NIOSH: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th ed., Method 7500, Issue 4, SILICA, CRYSTALLINE, by XRD (filter redeposition), March 2003.
  • Gibb, H., and K.G. O’Leary: Mercury exposure and health impacts among individuals in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining community: a comprehensive review. Environ. Health Perspect. 122:667–672 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307864
  • Bratveit, M., B.E. Moen, Y.J. Mashalla, and H. Maalim: Dust exposure during small-scale mining in Tanzania: a pilot study. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(3):235–240 (2003).
  • Gottesfeld, P., M. Nicas, J.W. Kephart, K. Balakrishnan, and R. Rinehart: Reduction of respirable silica following the introduction of water spray applications in Indian stone crusher mills. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 14(2):94–103 (2008).
  • Telmer, K., and M.M. Veiga: World Mercury Emissions from Small Scale Artisanal Gold Mining in 2008. In Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere, N. Pirrone and R. Mason (eds.). New York: Springer Science, 2009. . pp. 131–172.
  • AMAP/UNEP: “Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013.” Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo/UNEP Chemicals Branch, Geneva, 2013.
  • Corbett, E.L., G.J. Churchyard, T.C. Clayton, et al.: HIV infection and silicosis: the impact of two potent risk factors on the incidence of mycobacterial disease in South African miners. Aids 14(17):2759–2768 (2000).
  • UNEP: “Report on activities of the Global Environment Facility in Relation to the Minamata Convention during the Interim Period,” October 2014. Available at http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Portals/11/documents/meetings/inc6/English/6_INF6_GEF.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014).
  • UNEP: “Guidance Document: Developing a National Action Plan to Reduce, and Where Feasible, Eliminate Mercury Use in Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining,” Working Draft, October, 2014. Available at http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercuryconvention.org%2FPortals%2F11%2Fdocuments%2Fmeetings%2Finc6%2FEnglish%2F6_INF1_information.doc&ei=hAJcVMeeFtGwyASr8oGgDQ&usg=AFQjCNE4y6eXaBxOMkyPYUJ5OB3GYnnnCQ&bvm=bv.78677474,d.aWw (Accessed November 5, 2014).
  • Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International: “Fairtrade Standard for Gold and Associated Precious Metals for Artisanal and Small Scale Mining.” (version 8/11/13) Available at http://wordpress.p20126.webspaceconfig.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Gold-and-Precious-Metals-from-Artisanal-Mining-Standard-EN.pdf2015).
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: “Background Information for Revised AP-42 Section 11.19.2, Crushed Stone Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing.” May 12, 2003. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch11/bgdocs/b11s1902.pdf2015).
  • Bahrami, A., F. Ghorbani, H. Mahjub, F. Golbabei, and M. Aliabadi: Application of traditional cyclone with spray scrubber to remove airborne silica particles emitted from stone-crushing factories. Ind. Health 47(4):436–442 (2009).
  • Bahrami, A.R., F. Golbabai, H. Mahjub, F. Qorbani, M. Aliabadi, and M. Barqi: Determination of exposure to respirable quartz in the stone crushing units at Azendarian-West of Iran. Ind. Health 46(4):404–408 (2008).
  • Mukhopadhyay, K., A. Ramalingam, R. Ramani, et al.: Exposure to respirable particulates and silica in and around the stone crushing units in central India. Ind. Health 49(2):221–227 (2011).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.