Investigation of the flow-field in the upper respiratory system when wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirator

References

• Roberge, R.J., J. Kim, and S.M. Benson: N95 filtering facepiece respirator deadspace temperature and humidity. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9:166–171 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, E.C.H., R.C.S. Seet, K.H. Lee, E.P.V. Wilder-Smith, B.Y.S. Chuah, and B.K.C. Ong: Headaches and the N95 face-mask amongst healthcare providers. Acta Neurol. Scand. 113:199–202 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird, I.S., R. Goldsmith, R.J. Pack, and A. Vitalis: The effect on heart rate and facial skin temperature of wearing respiratory protection at work. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 46(2):143–148 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H.P., and D.Y. Wang: Objective assessment of increase in breathing Resistance of N95 respirators on human subjects. Ann. Occup. Hyg 55(8):917–921 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., H. Tokura, Y.P. Guo, et al.: Effects of wearing N95 and surgical facemasks on heart rate, thermal stress and subjective sensations. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 78(6):501–509 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberge, R.J., S.M. Benson, and J. Kim: Thermal burden of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 56(7):808–814 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberge, R.J., A. Coca, W.J. Williams, J.B. Powell, and A.J. Palmiero: Physiological impact of the N95 filtering facepiece respirator on healthcare workers. Respir. Care. 55(5):569–577(2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinkule, E.J., J.B. Powell, and F.L. Goss: Evaluation of N95 respirator use with a surgical mask cover: effects on breathing resistance and inhaled carbon dioxide. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 57(3):384–398 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberge, R.J., E. Bayer, J.B. Powell, A. Coca, M.R. Roberge, and S.M. Benson: Effect of exhaled moisture on breathing resistance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54(6):671–677 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., J. Yang, Z. Zhuang, and R.J. Roberge: Simulation and evaluation of respirator faceseal leaks using computational fluid dynamics and infrared imaging. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 57(4):493–506(2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., J. Yang, and Z. Zhuang: Headform and N95 filtering facepiece respirator interaction: contact pressure simulation and validation. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9:46–58 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., J. Yang, and Z. Zhuang: Contact pressure study of N95 filtering facepiece respirators using finite element method. Comput. Aided Des. Appl. 7(6):847–861(2010).
   Google Scholar
• Gao, N., and J. Niu: CFD study on micro-environment around human body and personalized ventilation. Build. Environ. 39:795–805 (2004).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, J.S., and E. Khalifa: Computational study of breathing methods for inhalation exposure. HVAC&R Res. 17(4):419–431 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, T.R., and M.R. Flynn: CFD model for a 3-D inhaling mannequin: verification and validation. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50:157–173 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, T.R., and M.R. Flynn: Computational fluid dynamics investigation of particle inhalability. J. Aerosol. Sci. 37:750–765 (2006).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony, T.R., and K.R. Anderson: An empirical model of human aspiration in low-velocity air using CFD investigations. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 12(4):245–255 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J.T., A.K. Prasad, and A.S. Wexler: Detailed flow patterns in the nasal cavity. J. Appl. Physiol. 89:323–337 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, D.Y., H.P. Lee, and B.R. Gordon: Impacts of fluid dynamics simulation in study of nasal airflow physiology and pathophysiology in realistic human three-dimensional nose models. Clin. Exp. Otorhinolaryngol. 5(4):181–187 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J.H., H.P. Lee, K.M. Lim, S.J. Lee, L.T.L. San, and D.Y. Wang: Inspirational airflow patterns in deviated noses: a numerical study. Comput. Meth. Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 16(12):1298–1306 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., K. Chang, P. Lee, S. Wang, K. Chen, and F. Lin: Oral urografin in postoperative small bowel obstruction. World J. Surg. 23:1051–1054 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen, D.N., and L.K. Voigt: Modeling flow and heat transfer around a seated human body by computational fluid dynamics. Build. Environ. 38:753–762 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yakhot, V., and S.A. Orszag: Renormalization group analysis of turbulence I. Basic theory. J. Sci. Comput. 1(1):3–51 (1986).
   Google Scholar
• Posner, J.D., C.R. Buchanan, and D. Dunn-Rankin: Measurement and prediction of indoor air flow in a model room. Ener. Build. 35:515–526 (2003).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renotte, C., V. Bouffioux, and F. Wilquem: Numerical 3D analysis of oscillatory flow in the time-varying laryngeal channel. J. Biomech. 33:1637–1644 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., and J. Yang: Computing carbon dioxide and humidity in filtering facepiece respirator cavity during breathing cycles. Proc. of the ASME IDETC/CIE 2014. pp. V01AT02A077 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Brinkman, H.C.: A calculation of the viscous force exerted by a flowing fluid on a dense swarm of particle. Appl. Sci. Res. A1 (1947).
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., T. Wong, J. Chung, et al.: In vivo protective performance of N95 respirator and surgical facemask. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:1056–1065 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, J. K., C. Lin, and Q. Chen: Characterizing exhaled airflow from breathing and talking, Indoor Air 20:31–39, (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi, T., Y. Ishizu, S. Kato, and S. Murakami: CFD analysis on characteristics of contaminated indoor air ventilation and its application in the evaluation of the effects of contaminant inhalation by a human occupant. Build. Environ. 37:219–230. (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyun, S., and C. Kleinstreuer: Numerical simulation of mixed convection heat and mass transfer in a human inhalation test chamber. Int. J. Heat. Mass. Transf. 44:2247–60. (2001).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubrowski, K.M.: Studies in breath-alcohol analysis, biological factors. Z Rechtsmedizin 78:93–117 (1975).
   Google Scholar
• Roberge, R.J.: Are exhalation valves on N95 filtering facepiece respirators beneficial at low-moderate work rates: an overview. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9(11):617–623 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberge, R.J., A. Coca, W.J. Williams, A.J. Palmier, and J.B. Powell: Surgical mask placement over N95 filtering facepiece respirators: Physiological effects on healthcare workers. Respirology 15:516–521 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., R.J. Roberge, J.B. Powell, R.E. Shaffer, C.M. Ylitalo, and J.M. Sebastian: Pressure drop of filtering facepiece respirators: How low should we go? Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health 28(1):71–80 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar