A method for evaluating aerosol leakage through the interface between protective suits and full-face respirators

References

• Lioy, P.J., C.P. Weisel, J.R. Millette, et al.: Characterization of the dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001. Environ. Health Persp. 110(7):703–714 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lioy, P.J.: Exposure science for terrorist attacks and theaters of military conflict: minimizing contact with toxicants. Mil. Med. 176(7 Suppl.):71–76 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, J.K., L.C. Chen, M.D. Cohen, et al.: Chemical analysis of World Trade Center fine particulate matter for use in toxicologic assessment. Environ. Health Persp. 111(7):972–980 (2002).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudgin Dickson, E.F., E.J.S. Duncan, P.D. Fedele, and D. Nelson: A model for prediction of probability of developing an adverse physiological symptom in individuals percutaneously exposed to VX nerve agent. J. Med. CBR Defense 3 (2005).
   Google Scholar
• Gudgin Dickson, E.F.: Estimates of percutaneous toxicity of sulfur mustard vapor suitable for use in protective equipment standards. J. Toxicol. Env. Health A 71(20):1382–1391 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougal, J.N., E.A. Council III, and B.S. Powers: Systemic toxicity from skin exposures (or what happens when you do not decontaminate). J. Chem. Health Safety 14(4):23–31 (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Fenske, R.A., F.M. Farahat, K. Galvin, E.K. Fenske, and J.R. Olson: Contributions of inhalation and dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos dose in Egyptian cotton field workers. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 18(3):198–209 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomqvist, P., M. Simonson McNamee, A.A. Stec, D. Gylestam, and D. Karlsson: Detailed study of distribution patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and isocyanates under different fire conditions. Fire Mater. 38(1):125–144 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstedt, S., P. Haglund, and S. Marklund: Emissions of brominated dioxins during accidental fires in flame retarded materials. Organohal. Comp. 73:436–439 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Stec, A.A., T.R. Hull, K. Lebek, J.A. Purser, and D.A. Purser: The effect of temperature and ventilation condition on the toxic product yields from burning polymers. Fire Mater. 32(1):49–60 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, C.J., and D.M. Hartley: Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet 359(9307):710–711 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson, R., L. Hägglund, and H. Wingfors: Broad exposure screening of air pollutants in the occupational environment of Swedish soldiers deployed in Afghanistan. Mil. Med. 177:318–325 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFraites, R.F., and E.E. Richards: Assessing potentially hazardous environmental exposures among military populations: 2010 symposium and workshop summary and conclusions. Mil. Med. 176(7 Suppl.):17–21 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI): Approaches for EIHH Air Sampling in Military Operations, H. Wingfors, K. Arnoldsson, D. Stricklin, B. Liljedahl, and A. Waleij (Report FOI-R–2299–SE). FOI, June 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Geyh, A.S., S. Chillrud, D.L. Williams, et al.: Assessing truck driver exposure at the World Trade Center disaster site: personal and area monitoring for particulate matter and volatile organic compounds during October 2001 and April 2002. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2:179–193 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prezant, D.J., S. Levin, K.J. Kelly, and T.K. Aldrich: Upper and lower respiratory diseases after occupational and environmental disasters. Mt Sinai J. Med. 75(2):89–100 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Respiratory Protective Devices - Full face Masks - Requirements, Testing, Marking (EN 136). [Standard] Brussels, Belgium: CEN, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Respiratory Protective Devices - Powered Assisted Filtering Devices Incorporating Full Face Masks, Half Masks or Quarter Masks - Requirements, Testing, Marking (EN 12942). [Standard] Brussels, Belgium: CEN, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, E.J.S., and E.F. Gudgin Dickson: A new whole-body vapor exposure chamber for protection performance research on chemical protective ensembles. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 64(2):212–221 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Edgewood Chemical Biological Center: Chemical Protective Clothing for Law Enforcement Patrol Officers and Emergency Medical Services when Responding to Terrorism with Chemical Weapons, V.J. Arca, S.M. Marshall, W.A. Lake, and P.D. Fedele (Report ECBC-TR-131). U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, January 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Horton, D.K., Z. Berkowitz, and W.E. Kaye: Secondary contamination of ED personnel from hazardous materials events, 1995–2001. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 21(3):199–204 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, D.K., P. Burgess, S. Rossiter, and W.E. Kaye: Secondary contamination of emergency department personnel from o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile exposure, 2002. Ann. Emerg. Med. 45:655–658 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM International (ASTM): Standard Test Method for Man-in-Simulant Test (MIST) for Protective Ensembles (ASTM F2588). [Standard] West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Edgewood Chemical Biological Center: “The Advantage of Using a Negative Pressure Respirator Hood. Guidance on the Use of Hoods with Chemical Protective Respirators and Chemical Protective Suits.” U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, 2005. Available at http://www.ecbc.army.mil/downloads/cwirp/ECBC_cwirp_neg_press_resp_hood.pdf (accessed December 19, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Fent, K.W., J. Eisenberg, J. Snawder, et al.: Systemic exposure to PAHs and benzene in firefighters suppressing controlled structure fires. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 58(7):830–845 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei, Z., J. Yang, and Z. Zhuang: A novel algorithm for determining contact area between a respirator and headform. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 11:227–237 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, L., and J. Bidwell: Performance of a full facepiece, air-purifying respirator against lead aerosols in a workplace environment. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 4:123–128 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang, Z., D. Landsittel, S. Benson, R. Roberge, and R. Shaffer: Facial anthropometric differences among gender, ethnicity, and age groups. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 54:391–402 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oestenstad, R.K., and A.A. Bartolucci: Factors affecting the location and shape of face seal leak sites on half-mask respirators. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7:332–341 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Respiratory Protective Devices - Gas Filter(s) and Combined Filter(s) - Requirements, Testing, Marking (EN 14387). [Standard] Brussels, Belgium: CEN, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN): High Efficiency Air Filters (EPA, HEPA and ULPA) (EN 1822). [Standard] Brussels, Belgium: CEN, 2009.
   Google Scholar