744
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Occupational physical activity assessment for chronic disease prevention and management: A review of methods for both occupational health practitioners and researchers

&

References

  • National Research Council (U.S.): Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Committee On Human And Environmental Exposure Science In The 21st Century, National Research Council (U.S.), Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council (U.S.), Division on Earth and Life Studies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2012.
  • Harper, M., C. Weis, J.D. Pleil, et al.: Commentary on the contributions and future role of occupational exposure science in a vision and strategy for the discipline of exposure science. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 25(4):381–387 (2015).
  • Sellers, C.C.: Hazards of the Job: From Industrial Disease to Environmental Health Science. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
  • Schulte, P.A.: Emerging issues in occupational safety and health. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 12(3):273–277 (2006).
  • Church, T.S., D.M. Thomas, C. Tudor-Locke, et al.: Trends over 5 decades in U.S. occupation-related physical activity and their associations with obesity. PloS One. 6(5):e19657 (2011).
  • Bassett, D.R., P.L. Schneider, and G.E. Huntington: Physical activity in an Old Order Amish community. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 36(1):79–85 (2004).
  • Tremblay, M.S., D.W. Esliger, J.L. Copeland, J.D. Barnes, and D.R. Bassett: Moving forward by looking back: lessons learned from long-lost lifestyles. Appl. Physiol. Nutrit. Metabol. Physiol. Appliq. Nutrit. Metabol. 33(4):836–842 (2008).
  • Hill, J.O., H.R. Wyatt, G.W. Reed, and J.C. Peters: Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? Science 299(5608):853–855 (2003).
  • Weil, D.: The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad For So Many and What Can Be Done To Improve It. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
  • Landsbergis, P.A.: The changing organization of work and the safety and health of working people: a commentary. J. Occup. Environ. Med./Am. College Occup. Environ. Med. 45(1):61–72 (2003).
  • Tompa, E., M. Polanyi, and J. Foley: Labour market flexibility and worker insecurity. In Social Determinants of Health, 2nd ed., D. Raphael (ed.). Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press Inc., 2009.
  • Marmot, M.G., G. Rose, M. Shipley, and P.J. Hamilton: Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health Dec 32(4):244–249 (1978).
  • Marmot, M.G., G.D. Smith, S. Stansfeld, et al.: Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study. Lancet 337(8754):1387–1393 (1991).
  • Stanbury, M., and K.D. Rosenman: Occupational health disparities: a state public health-based approach. Am. J. Industr. Med. 57(5):596–604 (2014).
  • Zavodny, M.: Do immigrants work in worse jobs than US Natives? Evidence from California. Ind. Relat. 54(2):276–293 (2015).
  • Kerwin, D.M., and K. McCabe: Labor Standards Enforcement and Low-Wage Immigrants: Creating an Effective Enforcement System. Migration Policy Institute, 2011.
  • Souza, K., A.L. Steege, and S. L. Baron: Surveillance of occupational health disparities: challenges and opportunities. Am. J. Industr. Med. 53(2):84–94 (2010).
  • Services USDoHaH: Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996.
  • Hill, J.O., and J.C. Peters: Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 280(5368):1371–1374 (1998).
  • Gillespie, L.D., M.C. Robertson, W.J. Gillespie, et al.: Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database System. Rev. 9:CD007146 (2012).
  • Murray, C.J., C. Atkinson, K. Bhalla, et al.: The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA 310(6):591–608 (2013).
  • Morris, J.N., and M.D. Crawford: Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work; evidence of a national necropsy survey. Br. Med. J. 2(5111):1485–1496 (1958).
  • Morris, J.N., and J.A. Heady: Mortality in relation to the physical activity of work: a preliminary note on experience in middle age. Br. J. Industr. Med. 10(4):245–254 (1953).
  • Morris, J.N., J.A. Heady, P.A. Raffle, C.G. Roberts, and J.W. Parks: Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 265(6795):1053–1057 (1953).
  • Dunstan, D.W., A.A. Thorp, and G.N. Healy: Prolonged sitting: is it a distinct coronary heart disease risk factor? Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 26(5):412–419 (2011).
  • Hu, F.B., T.Y. Li, G.A. Colditz, W.C. Willett, and J.E. Manson: Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 289(14):1785–1791 (2003).
  • National Research Council (U.S.): Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001.
  • Bernard, T.E.: Occupational heat stress. In Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications, A. Battacharya, and J.D. McGlothlin (eds.). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996.
  • Haskell, W.L., I.M. Lee, R.R. Pate, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med. Sci. Sport Exer. 39(8):1423–1434 (2007).
  • Eisenberg, J., and M. Methner: Evaluation of Heat Stress, Heat Strain, and Rhabdomyolysis in Park Employees. Atlanta, GA: NIOSH, 2014.
  • Keyserling, W.M.: Occupational ergonomics: promoting safety and health through work design. In Occupational and Environmental Health: Recognizing and Preventing Disease and Injury, 5th ed., B.S. Levy, D.H. Wegman, S.L. Baron, and R.K. Sokas (eds.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
  • O'Keefe, J.H., and C.J. Lavie: Run for your life … at a comfortable speed and not too far. Heart 99(8):516–519 (2013).
  • O'Keefe, J.H., H.R. Patil, C.J. Lavie, A. Magalski, R.A. Vogel, and P.A. McCullough: Potential adverse cardiovascular effects from excessive endurance exercise. Mayo Clinic Proc. 87(6):587–595 (2012).
  • Holtermann, A., J.V. Hansen, H. Burr, K. Sogaard, and G. Sjogaard: The health paradox of occupational and leisure-time physical activity. Br. J. Sports Med. 46(4):291–295 (2012).
  • Holtermann, A., J.L. Marott, F. Gyntelberg, et al.: Occupational and leisure time physical activity: risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2(1):e000556 (2012).
  • Petersen, C.B., L. Eriksen, J.S. Tolstrup, K. Sogaard, M. Gronbaek, and A. Holtermann: Occupational heavy lifting and risk of ischemic heart disease and all-cause mortality. BMC Publ. Health 12:1070 (2012).
  • Krause, N., R.J. Brand, O.A. Arah, and J. Kauhanen: Occupational physical activity and 20-year incidence of acute myocardial infarction: results from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 41(2):124–139 (2015).
  • Li, J., A. Loerbroks, and P. Angerer: Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease: what does the new epidemiological evidence show? Curr. Opin. Cardiol. 28(5):575–583 (2013).
  • Krause, N.: Physical activity and cardiovascular mortality–disentangling the roles of work, fitness, and leisure. Scan. J. Work Environ. Health 36(5):349–355 (2010).
  • Caban-Martinez, A.J., D.J. Lee, L.E. Fleming, et al.: Arthritis, occupational class, and the aging US workforce. Am. J. Publ. Health 101(9):1729–1734 (2011).
  • Dong, X.S., X. Wang, C. Daw, and K. Ringen: Chronic diseases and functional limitations among older construction workers in the United States: a 10-year follow-up study. J. Occup. Environ. Med./Am. Coll. Occup. Environ. Med. 53(4):372–380 (2011).
  • Barr-Anderson, D.J., M. AuYoung, M.C. Whitt-Glover, B.A. Glenn, and A.K. Yancey: Integration of short bouts of physical activity into organizational routine a systematic review of the literature. Am. J. Prevent. Med. 40(1):76–93 (2011).
  • MacEwen, B.T., D.J. MacDonald, and J.F. Burr: A systematic review of standing and treadmill desks in the workplace. Prevent. Med. 70:50–58 (2015).
  • Soler, R.E., K.D. Leeks, L.R. Buchanan, et al.: Point-of-decision prompts to increase stair use. A systematic review update. Am. J. Prevent. Med. 38(2 Suppl):S292–300 (2010).
  • Fonarow, G.C., C. Calitz, R. Arena, et al.: Workplace wellness recognition for optimizing workplace health: a presidential advisory from the american heart association. Circulation (2015).
  • Mattke, S., C. Schnyer, and K.R. Van Busum: A Review of the U.S. Workplace Wellness Market. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2012.
  • McCoy, K., K. Stinson, K. Scott, L. Tenney, and L.S. Newman: Health promotion in small business: a systematic review of factors influencing adoption and effectiveness of worksite wellness programs. J. Occup. Environ. Med. Amer Coll. Occup. Envrion. Med. 56(6):579–587 (2014).
  • Callaghan, J.P., D. De Carvalho, K. Gallagher, T. Karakolis, and E. Nelson-Wong: Is standing the solution to sedentary office work? Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):20–24 (2015).
  • Cifuentes, M., and S. Fulmer: Research needs for and barriers to use of treadmill workstations. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):25–30 (2015).
  • Davis, K.G., and S.E. Kotowski: Stand up and move; your musculoskeletal health depends on it. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):9–13 (2015).
  • Dennerlein, J.T.: Introduction to the special issue: combating the sedentary workplace. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):3–3 (2015).
  • Huysmans, M.A., H.P. van der Ploeg, K.I. Proper, E.M. Speklé, and A.J. van der Beek: Is sitting too much bad for your health? Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):4–8 (2015).
  • John, D., K. Lyden, and D.R. Bassett: A physiological perspective on treadmill and sit-to-stand workstations. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):14–19 (2015).
  • Löffler, D., B. Wallmann-Sperlich, J. Wan, J. Knött, A. Vogel, and J. Hurtienne: Office ergonomics driven by contextual design. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):31–35 (2015).
  • Pronk, N.P.: Design recommendations for active workplaces. Ergon. Des. Quart. Hum. Fact. Applic. 23(3):36–40 (2015).
  • Lee, K.K.: Developing and implementing the active design guidelines in New York City. Health Place 18(1):5–7 (2012).
  • Butte, N.F., U. Ekelund, and K.R. Westerterp: Assessing physical activity using wearable monitors: measures of physical activity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(1 Suppl 1):S5–12 (2012).
  • Westerterp, K.R.: Impacts of vigorous and non-vigorous activity on daily energy expenditure. Proc. Nutrit. Soc. 62(3):645–650 (2003).
  • Freedson, P., H.R. Bowles, R. Troiano, and W. Haskell: Assessment of physical activity using wearable monitors: recommendations for monitor calibration and use in the field. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(1 Suppl 1):S1–4 (2012).
  • Schoeller, D.A.: Measurement of energy expenditure in free-living humans by using doubly labeled water. J. Nutrit. 118(11):1278–1289 (1988).
  • Troiano, R.P., D. Berrigan, K.W. Dodd, L.C. Masse, T. Tilert, and M. McDowell: Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 40(1):181–188 (2008).
  • Schuna, J.M., Jr., W.D. Johnson, and C. Tudor-Locke: Adult self-reported and objectively monitored physical activity and sedentary behavior: NHANES 2005-2006. Int. J. Behav. Nutrit. Phys. Activ. 10:126 (2013).
  • Roeykens, J., R. Rogers, R. Meeusen, L. Magnus, J. Borms, and K. de Meirleir: Validity and reliability in a Flemish population of the WHO-MONICA optional study of physical activity questionnaire. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 30(7):1071–1075 (1998).
  • Chau, J.Y., H.P. Van Der Ploeg, S. Dunn, J. Kurko, and A.E. Bauman: Validity of the occupational sitting and physical activity questionnaire. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(1):118–125 (2012).
  • Lakka, T.A., and J.T. Salonen: Intra-person variability of various physical activity assessments in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 21(3):467–472 (1992).
  • Reis, J.P., K.D. Dubose, B.E. Ainsworth, C.A. Macera, and M.M. Yore: Reliability and validity of the occupational physical activity questionnaire. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(12):2075–2083 (2005).
  • Krenn, P.J., S. Titze, P. Oja, A. Jones, and D. Ogilvie: Use of global positioning systems to study physical activity and the environment: a systematic review. Am. J. Prevent. Med. 41(5):508–515 (2011).
  • Dartt, A., J. Rosecrance, F. Gerr, P. Chen, D. Anton, and L. Merlino: Reliability of assessing upper limb postures among workers performing manufacturing tasks. Appl. Ergon. 40(3):371–378 (2009).
  • Rosecrance, J.C., and T.M. Cook: The use of participatory action research and ergonomics in the prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the newspaper industry. Appl. Occup. Envrion. Hyg. 15(3):255–262 (2000).
  • Keyserling, W.M., D.S. Stetson, B.A. Silverstein, and M.L. Brouwer: A checklist for evaluating ergonomic risk factors associated with upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. Ergonomics 36(7):807–831 (1993).
  • Tudor-Locke, C.: Taking Steps Toward Increased Physical Activity: Using Pedometers to Measure and Motivate. Washington, DC: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 2002.
  • Crouter, S.E., P.L. Schneider, M. Karabulut, and D.R. Bassett, Jr.: Validity of 10 electronic pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy cost. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(8):1455–1460 (2003).
  • Schneider, P.L., S.E. Crouter, O. Lukajic, and D.R. Bassett, Jr.: Accuracy and reliability of 10 pedometers for measuring steps over a 400-m walk. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(10):1779–1784 (2003).
  • Bassett, D.R., Jr., B.E. Ainsworth, S.R. Leggett, et al.: Accuracy of five electronic pedometers for measuring distance walked. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 28(8):1071–1077 (1996).
  • Shepherd, E.F., E. Toloza, C.D. McClung, and T.P. Schmalzried: Step activity monitor: increased accuracy in quantifying ambulatory activity. J. Orthopaed. Res. Off. Publ. Orthopaed. Res. Soc. 17(5):703–708 (1999).
  • Freak-Poli, R.L., M. Cumpston, A. Peeters, and S.A. Clemes: Workplace pedometer interventions for increasing physical activity. Cochrane Database System. Rev. 4:CD009209 (2013).
  • Mannini, A., S.S. Intille, M. Rosenberger, A.M. Sabatini, and W. Haskell: Activity recognition using a single accelerometer placed at the wrist or ankle. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 45(11):2193–2203 (2013).
  • Bonomi, A.G., and K.R. Westerterp: Advances in physical activity monitoring and lifestyle interventions in obesity: a review. Int. J. Obes. 36(2):167–177 (2012).
  • Bassett, D.R., Jr., A. Rowlands, and S.G. Trost: Calibration and validation of wearable monitors. Med. Sci. Sport Exerc. 44(1 Suppl 1):S32–38 (2012).
  • Maddison, R., and C. Ni Mhurchu: Global positioning system: a new opportunity in physical activity measurement. Int J. Behav. Nutrit. Phys. Activ. 6:73 (2009).
  • Chen, K.Y., and D.R. Bassett, Jr.: The technology of accelerometry-based activity monitors: current and future. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(11 Suppl):S490–500 (2005).
  • Baquet, G., G. Stratton, E. Van Praagh, and S. Berthoin: Improving physical activity assessment in prepubertal children with high-frequency accelerometry monitoring: a methodological issue. Prevent. Med. 44(2):143–147 (2007).
  • Trost, S.G., K.L. McIver, and R.R. Pate: Conducting accelerometer-based activity assessments in field-based research. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(11 Suppl):S531–543 (2005).
  • Welk, G.J.: Principles of design and analyses for the calibration of accelerometry-based activity monitors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(11 Suppl):S501–511 (2005).
  • Schaefer, C.A., C.R. Nigg, J.O. Hill, L.A. Brink, and R.C. Browning: Establishing and evaluating wrist cutpoints for the GENEActiv accelerometer in youth. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46(4):826–833 (2014).
  • Umukoro, P.E., O.E. Arias, S.D. Stoffel, K. Hopcia, G. Sorensen, and J.T. Dennerlein: Physical activity at work contributes little to patient care workers' weekly totals. J. Occup. Envrion. Med. Am. Coll. Occup. Envrion. Med. 55(12 Suppl):S63–68 (2013).
  • Ramey, S.L., Y. Perkhounkova, M. Moon, et al.: Physical activity in police beyond self-report. J. Occup. Envrion. Med. Am. Coll. Occup. Envrion. Med. 56(3):338–343 (2014).
  • Parry, S., and L. Straker: The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk. BMC Publ. Health 13:296 (2013).
  • Arias, O.E., A.J. Caban-Martinez, P.E. Umukoro, C.A. Okechukwu, and J.T. Dennerlein: Physical activity levels at work and outside of work among commercial construction workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. Am. Coll. Occup. Environ. Med. 57(1):73–78 (2015).
  • Acuna, M., and A.R. Karduna: Wrist activity monitor counts are correlated with dynamic but not static assessments of arm elevation exposure made with a triaxial accelerometer. Ergonomics 55(8):963–970 (2012).
  • Estill, C.F., L.A. MacDonald, T.B. Wenzl, and M.R. Petersen: Use of accelerometers as an ergonomic assessment method for arm acceleration-a large-scale field trial. Ergonomics 43(9):1430–1445 (2000).
  • Dandanell, R., and K. Engstrom: Vibration from riveting tools in the frequency range 6 Hz-10 MHz and Raynaud's phenomenon. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 12(4 Spec No):338–342 (1986).
  • Knowler, W.C., E. Barrett-Connor, S.E. Fowler, et al.: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New Engl. J. Med. 346(6):393–403 (2002).
  • Duncan, M.J., H.M. Badland, and W.K. Mummery: Applying GPS to enhance understanding of transport-related physical activity. J. Sci. Med. Sport/Sports Med. Austral. 12(5):549–556 (2009).
  • Maddison, R., S.V. Hoorn, Y. Jiang, et al.: The environment and physical activity: The influence of psychosocial, perceived and built environmental factors. Int. J. Behav. Nutrit. Phys. Activ. 6:19 (2009).
  • Messing, K., S. Stock, J. Cote, and F. Tissot: Is sitting worse than static standing? How a gender analysis can move us toward understanding determinants and effects of occupational standing and walking. J. Occup. Envrion. Hyg. 12(3):D11–17 (2015).
  • Krause, N., J.W. Lynch, G.A. Kaplan, R.D. Cohen, R. Salonen, and J.T. Salonen: Standing at work and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 26(3):227–236 (2000).
  • Ilmarinen, J.: Work and cardiovascular health: viewpoint of occupational physiology. Ann. Med. 21(3):209–214 (1989).
  • Smith, A.: “Nearly Half of American Adults Are Smartphone Owners.” Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/01/nearly-half-of-american-adults-are-smartphone-owners/.
  • Smith, A.: U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015; http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015/ (Accessed April 27, 2015).
  • Intille, S.S., J. Lester, J.F. Sallis, and G. Duncan: New horizons in sensor development. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(1 Suppl 1):S24–31 (2012).
  • Wearable technology: The wear, why and how. Economist. Print ed. New York, 2015.
  • Korshoj, M., E. Clays, M. Lidegaard, et al.: Is aerobic workload positively related to ambulatory blood pressure? A cross-sectional field study among cleaners. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. September 12, 2015.
  • Holtermann, A., O.S. Mortensen, K. Sogaard, F. Gyntelberg, and S. Suadicani: Risk factors for ischaemic heart disease mortality among men with different occupational physical demands. A 30-year prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2(1):e000279 (2012).
  • Loprinzi, P.D., C. Kane, S. Sigler, K. Brown, and J.F. Walker: Free-living physical activity characteristics, activity-related air trapping and breathlessness, and utilization of transtheoretical constructs in COPD: A pilot study. Physiol. Behav. 152(Pt A):79–84. 2015.
  • Smith, T.J., and T. Schneider: Occupational and environmental hygiene. In Occupational and Environmental Health: Recognizing and Preventing Disease and Injury, 5th ed., B.S. Levy, D.H. Wegman, S.L. Baron, and R.K. Sokas (eds.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
  • Howard, J.: From the director's desk: the changing employment relationship and its impact on worker well-being. NIOSH eNews 12(12) (2015); http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/enews/enewsv12n12.html (accessed April 27, 2015).
  • Konz, S.A., and S.L. Johnson: Work Design: Occupational Ergonomics. Scottsdale, AZ: Holcomb Hathaway, 2008.
  • Woodcock, J., P. Edwards, C. Tonne, et al.: Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport. Lancet 374(9705):1930–1943 (2009).
  • Tran, M., L. Forst, and S. Buchanan: Not on the radar: active commuting as a workplace wellness issue. J. Occup. Environ. Med. Am. Coll. Occup. Envrion. Med. 57(9):e91–92 (2015).
  • Dannenberg, A.L., R.J. Jackson, H. Frumkin, et al.: The impact of community design and land-use choices on public health: a scientific research agenda. Am. J. Publ. Health 93(9):1500–1508 (2003).
  • Jackson, R.J., A.L. Dannenberg, and H. Frumkin: Health and the built environment: 10 years after. Am. J. Publ. Health 103(9):1542–1544 (2013).
  • NIOSH: Research Compendium: The NIOSH Total Worker Health Program: Seminal Research Papers 2012. In Services HaH, Service PH, Prevention CfDCa, Health NIfOSa (eds.). Washington, DC 1–214 (2012).
  • Semuels, A.: “Tracking Workers' Every Move can Boost Productivity - and Stress”. Los Angeles Times. April 8, 2013.
  • McClelland, M.: I Was a Warehouse Wage Slave. Mother Jones March/April 2012.
  • Bjorkman. T.: The rationalisation movement in perspective and some ergonomic implications. Appl. Ergon. 27(2):111–117 (1996).
  • Guidotti, T.L.: Taylorism, the aging workforce, and the biopsychosocial model. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 66(4):191–192 (2011).
  • Scheffler, R.W.: The power of exercise and the exercise of power: the harvard fatigue laboratory, distance running, and the disappearance of work, 1919–1947. J. Hist. Biol. October 7, 2014.
  • Horwitz, J.R., B.D. Kelly, and J.E. DiNardo: Wellness incentives in the workplace: cost savings through cost shifting to unhealthy workers. Health Aff. 2(3):468–476 (2013).
  • Yore, M.M., S.A. Ham, B.E. Ainsworth, C.A. Macera, D.A. Jones, and H.W. Kohl, 3rd: Occupational physical activity: reliability and comparison of activity levels. J. Phys. Activ. Health 3:358–365 (2005).
  • Richard, A., B. Martin, M. Wanner, M. Eichholzer, and S. Rohrmann: Effects of leisure-time and occupational physical activity on total mortality risk in NHANES III according to sex, ethnicity, central obesity, and age. J. Phys. Activ. Health 12(2):184–192 (2015).
  • Bassett, D.R., Jr., H.R. Wyatt, H. Thompson, J.C. Peters, and J.O. Hill: Pedometer-measured physical activity and health behaviors in U.S. adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42(10):1819–1825 (2010).
  • Tudor-Locke, C., W.D. Johnson, and P.T. Katzmarzyk: Accelerometer-determined steps per day in US adults. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 41(7):1384–1391 (2009).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.