Advancing the framework for considering the effects of climate change on worker safety and health

References

• Roelofs, C., and D. Wegman: Workers: the climate canaries. Am. J. Publ. Health. 104(10):1799–1801 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte, P.A., and H. Chun: Climate change and occupational safety and health: establishing a preliminary framework. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 6(9):542–554 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portier, C.: A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change: A Report Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change. 22 April 2010. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Health Perspectives/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Garfin, G., A. Jardine, R. Merideth, M. Black, and S. LeRoy: Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A Report Prepared for the National Climate Assessment. NCA Regional Input Reports, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “World Health Day – Vector-Borne Diseases.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/features/worldhealthday2014/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Climate Change and Occupational Safety and Health.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/climate/default.html (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Melillo, J.M., T. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe: Climate change impacts in the United States: the third national climate assessment. US Global Change Res. Progr. 841 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K., A. Woodward, D. Campbell-Lendrum, et al.: Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, F. CB, V. Barros, D. Dokken, K. Mach, M. Mastrandrea, T. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K. Ebi, Y. Estrada, R. Genova, B. Girma, E. Kissel, A. Levy, S. MacCracken, P. Mastrandrea and L. White (eds.), pp. 709–754. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control Prevention: Heat-related deaths among crop workers–United States, 1992–2006. MMWR 57(24):649–653 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IPCC Climate Change: “The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,” Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Gubernot, D.M., G.B. Anderson, and K.L. Hunting: The epidemiology of occupational heat exposure in the United States: a review of the literature and assessment of research needs in a changing climate. Int. J. Biometeorol. 58(8):1779–1788 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, J.P., R.J. Stouffer, and J.G. John: Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3(6):563–566 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balbus, J.M., and C. Malina: Identifying vulnerable subpopulations for climate change health effects in the United States. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 51(1):33–37 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren, K., K. Kuklane, C. Gao, and I. Holmér: Effects of heat stress on working populations when facing climate change. Indust. Health 51(1):3–15 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., and T. Kjellstrom: Climate change impacts on working people: How to develop prevention policies. Global Health Action 3: 10.3402/gha.v3403i3400.5774 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortune, M.K., C.A. Mustard, J.J. Etches, and A.G. Chambers: Work-attributed Illness Arising From Excess Heat Exposure in Ontario, 2004–2010. Can. J. Public Health 104(5):e420–e426 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to heat and hot environments, B. Jacklitsch, W. Williams, K. Musolin, N. Turner, A. Coca, and J.-H. Kim (eds.). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom, T.: Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries. Global Health Action 2(1):1–3 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom, T., R.S. Kovats, S.J. Lloyd, T. Holt, and R.S. Tol: The direct impact of climate change on regional labor productivity. Arch. Environ. Occup. Health 64(4):217–227 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, H.L., K. Bowen, and T. Kjellstrom: Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. Int. J. Public Health 55(2):123–132 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom, T., A.J. Butler, R.M. Lucas, and R. Bonita: Public health impact of global heating due to climate change: potential effects on chronic non-communicable diseases. Int. J. Public Health 55(2):97–103 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawatsupa, B., L.L. Lim, T. Kjellstrom, S.-a. Seubsman, A. Sleigh, and T.C.S. Team: The association between overall health, psychological distress, and occupational heat stress among a large national cohort of 40,913 Thai workers. Glob. Health Action 3 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• McMichael, A.J.: Globalization, climate change, and human health. N. Engl. J. Med. 369(1): 96 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, E.G., T. Kjellstrom, C. Bennett, and K. Dear: Climate change and rising heat: Population health implications for working people in Australia. Asia Pac. J. Publ. Health 23(2 Suppl.):14S–26S (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leon, L.R.: Thermoregulatory responses to environmental toxicants: The interaction of thermal stress and toxicant exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 233(1): 146–161 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, C.J.: Role of environmental stress in the physiological response to chemical toxicants. Environ. Res. 92(1):1–7 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsouyanni, K., A. Pantazopoulou, G. Touloumi, et al.: Evidence for interaction between air pollution and high temperature in the causation of excess mortality. Arch. Environ. Health 48(4):235–242 (1993).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourbonnais, R., J. Zayed, M. Levesque, M.-A. Busque, P. Duguay, and G. Truchon: Identification of workers exposed concomitantly to heat stress and chemicals. Ind. Health 51(1):25–33 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leithead, C.S., and A.R. Lind: Heat Stress and Heat Disorders. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• ISO: Hot environments-Estimation of heat stress on working man, based on the WBGT-index (wet bulb globe temperature) (ISO 7243). Geneva: International Standards Organization (1989).
   Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): TLVs, Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment and Biological Exposure Indices With Intended Changes or 1985–86. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hot Environments. Revised Citeria 1986. C. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): OSHA Technical Manual. In OSHA Directive TED 01-00-015 (TED 1-OSH). Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Fiala, D., G. Havenith, P. Bröde, B. Kampmann, and G. Jendritzky: UTCI-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation. Int. J. Biometeorol. 56(3):429–441 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jendritzky, G., R. de Dear, and G. Havenith: UTCI—Why another thermal index? Int. J. Biometeorol. 56(3):421–428 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinney, P.L.: Climate change, air quality, and human health. Am. J. Prev. Med. 35(5):459–467 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Assessment of the Impacts of Global Change on Regional US Air Quality: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Ground-Level Ozone. Research Triangle Park, NC: Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Tibbetts, J.: Air quality and climate change: a delicate balance. Environ. Health Perspect. 123(6):A148–153 (2015).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dedoussi, I.C., and S.R. Barrett: Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part II: Attribution of PM 2.5 exposure to emissions species, time, location and sector. Atmosph. Environ. 99:610–617 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo, A., M. Taronna, D. Consonni, S. Angius, P. Costamagna, and D.M. Cavallo: Personal exposure of traffic police officers to particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and benzene in the city of Milan, Italy. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 7(6):342–351 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarelli, P.S., L.A.A. Pereira, P.H. do Nascimento Saldiva, C. Ferreira Filho, M.L.B. Garcia, A.L.F. Braga et al.: The association between air pollution and blood pressure in traffic controllers in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil. Environ. Res. 111(5):650–655 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomei, F., M. Ciarrocca, M. Rosati, T. Casale, C. Di Pastena, H. Nieto et al.: Relationship between occupational exposure to cadmium, transaminases and γ-GT in workers exposed to urban stressors. Ann. Ig. 25(4):353–363 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Adetona, O., K. Dunn, D.B. Hall, G. Achtemeier, A. Stock, and L.P. Naeher: Personal PM2.5 exposure among wildland firefighters working at prescribed forest burns in southeastern United States. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8(8):503–511 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, M.L., E.O. Semmens, S. Gaskill, C. Palmer, C.W. Noonan, and T.J. Ward: Base camp personnel exposure to particulate matter during wildland fire suppression activities. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 9(3):149–156 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayard, G.M.: Fatal work injuries involving natural disasters, 1992–2006. Disaster Med. Publ. Health Prep. 3(04):201–209 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, C.E., R.G. Zepp, R.M. Lucas, et al.: Solar ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate. Nat. Clim. Change 4(6):434–441 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bais, A., K. Tourpali, A. Kazantzidis, et al.: Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11(15):7533–7545 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Impacts of a Warming Arctic-Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, by Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004. p.144.
   Google Scholar
• World Meterological Organization (WMO): Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1998. In 1998 WMO Ozone Report 44, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project (ed.). Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, L.M., R.Z. Witter, L.S. Newman, and J.L. Adgate: Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources. Sci. Total Environ. 424:79–87 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaggernath, J., D. Haslam, and K.S. Naidoo: Climate change: Impact of increased ultraviolet radiation and water changes on eye health. Health 5(05):921 (2013).
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization: Artificial Tanning Sunbeds: Risks and Guidance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, G.P., M. Blettner, and H. Zeeb: Epidemiological studies of cancer in aircrew. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 136:232–239 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Orazio, J., S. Jarrett, A. Amaro-Ortiz, and T. Scott: UV Radiation and the Skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 14(6):12222–12248 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinau, D., M. Weiss, C. Meier, T. Diepgen, and C. Surber: Outdoor workers' sun‐related knowledge, attitudes and protective behaviours: a systematic review of cross‐sectional and interventional studies. Br. J. Dermatol. 168(5):928–940 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorley, A., M. Higlett, K. Baczynska, R. Hunter, and M. Khazova: Measurements of Pilots' Occupational Solar UV Exposure. Photochem. Photobiol. 90(4):935–940 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozma, B., and M.J. Eide: Photocarcinogenesis: an epidemiologic perspective on ultraviolet light and skin cancer. Dermatol. Clin. 32(3):301–313 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC Climate Change: “Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaption.” Available at https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Bender, M.A., T.R. Knutson, R.E. Tuleya, et al.: Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes. Science 327(5964):454–458 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Done, J.M., G.J. Holland, C.L. Bruyère, L.R. Leung, and A. Suzuki-Parker: Modeling high-impact weather and climate: lessons from a tropical cyclone perspective. Clim. Change 129(3–4):381–395 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, G., and C.L. Bruyère: Recent intense hurricane response to global climate change. Clim. Dyn. 42(3–4): 617–627 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerling, A., T. Brown, T. Schoennagel, T. Swetnam, M. Turner, and T. Veblen: Briefing: Climate and wildfire in western US forests. USDA Forest Service RMRS-P-71 (2014). (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Romps, D.M., J.T. Seeley, D. Vollaro, and J. Molinari: Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming. Science 346(6211):851–854 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensenius Jr, J.S.: “A Detailed Analysis of Lightning Deaths In the United States From 2006 Through 2013.” Available at http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/resources/RecentLightningDeaths.pdf (accessed September 21, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Levin, M: “Peril in the West - After three decades, Officials Ponder Action On Cancer-Causing Erionite.” Available at http://www.fairwarning.org/2011/10/peril-in-the-west/), 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Weissman, D., and M. Keifer: “Erionite–an emerging North American hazard. NIOSH Science Blog.” Available at http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2011/11/erionite (accessed September 21, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Adam-Poupart, A., F. Labréche, A. Smargiassi, et al.: Climate change and occupational health and safety in a temperate climate: Potential impacts and research priorities in Quebec, Canada. Indust. Health 51(1):68–78 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, A.J., and E. Lindgren: Climate change: present and future risks to health, and necessary responses. J. Intern. Med. 270(5):401–413 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal Society: “Resilience to Extreme Weather.” Available at https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/pro-jects/resilience-extreme-weather/ (accessed September 21, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Lafferty, K.D.: The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases. Ecol. 90(4):888–900 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, R.C.: Mosquito‐borne disease and climate change in Australia: time for a reality check. Aust. J. Entomol. 48(1):1–7 (2009).
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, C.M., and A.J. McMichael: Non-heat related impacts of climate change on working populations. Global Health Act. 3: (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, P.: The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases: comment. Ecology 91(3):925–928 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuman, E.K.: Global climate change and infectious diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 362(12):1061–1063 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, J.N., K.L. Gage, and A.S. Khan: Potential influence of climate change on vector-borne and zoonotic diseases: a review and proposed research plan. Environ. Health Perspect. 118(1):1507–1514 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, W.: Challenges in predicting climate and environmental effects on vector-borne disease episystems in a changing world. J. Exp. Biol. 213(6):946–954 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semenza, J.C., J.E. Suk, V. Estevez, K.L. Ebi, and E. Lindgren: Mapping climate change vulnerabilities to infectious diseases in Europe. Environ. Health Perspect. 120(3): 385 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, G.R.: Human biometeorology. Prog. Phys. Geogr. 36(1):93–109 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Food- and Waterborne Diseases in Europe. Stockholm: ECDC, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): “Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2014.” Available at www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM): The Influence of Global Environmental Change on Infectious Disease Dynamics. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Luber, G., K. Knowlton, J.M. Balbus, et al.: Ch.9: Human Health. In Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe (eds.). US Global Change Research Program, 2014. pp. 220–256.
   Google Scholar
• Patz, J.A., H. Frumkin, T. Holloway, D.J. Vimont, and A. Haines: Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health. JAMA 312(15):1565–1580 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parham, P.E., J. Waldock, G.K. Christophides, and E. Michael: Climate change and vector-borne diseases of humans. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 370(1665): (2015).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Insects and Scorpions.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/insects/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Tick-Borne Diseases.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/tick-borne/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Poisinous Plants.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/plants/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Venomous Spiders.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/spiders/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Valley Fever (Coccidioidomycosis).” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/coccidioidomycosis/index.html (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Cozzetto, K, J. Nania, and N. Gillette: Human Health. In Considerations for Climate Change and Variability Adaptation on the Navajo Nation, J. Jania and J. Cozzetto (eds.). Boulder, CO: University of Clorado, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Venomous Snakes.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/snakes/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “West Nile Virus.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J.: Climate change and the geographic distribution of infectious diseases. Ecohealth 6(4):489–495 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degallier, N., C. Favier, C. Menkes, et al.: Toward an early warning system for dengue prevention: modeling climate impact on dengue transmission. Clim. Change 98(3–4):581–592 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S.M., R.J. Eisen, A. Monaghan, and P. Mead: Meteorological influences on the seasonality of Lyme disease in the United States. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90(3):486–496 (2014).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, S.: Warming trend: how climate shapes Vibrio ecology. Environ. Health Perspect. 123(4):A82 (2015).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monaghan, A.J., S.M. Moore, K.M. Sampson, C.B. Beard, and R.J. Eisen: Climate change influences on the annual onset of Lyme disease in the United States. Ticks Tick-borne Dis. 6:615–622 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielová, V., L. Schwarzová, J. Materna, et al.: Tick-borne encephalitis virus expansion to higher altitudes correlated with climate warming. Int. J. Med. Microbio. 298:68–72 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, N.H., L.R. Lindsay, M. Morshed, P.N. Sockett, and H. Artsob: The emergence of Lyme disease in Canada. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 180(12):1221–1224 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Lyme Disease.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/lyme/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Colón-González, F.J., C. Fezzi, I.R. Lake, and P.R. Hunter: The effects of weather and climate change on dengue. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7(11):e2503 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO): “Impact of Dengue.” Available at www.who.int/csr/disease/dengue/impact/en/ (accessed November 12, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Yamana, T.K., and E.A. Eltahir: Projected impacts of climate change on environmental suitability for malaria transmission in West Africa. Environ. Health Perspect. 121(10):1179–1186 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden, N.H., M. Radojevic, X. Wu, V.R. Duvvuri, P.A. Leighton, and J. Wu: Estimated effects of projected climate change on the basic reproductive number of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis. Environ. Health Perspect. 122(6):631–638 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraj, A., M. Santos-Vega, M. Bouma, D. Yadeta, D.R. Carrascal, and M. Pascual: Altitudinal changes in malaria incidence in highlands of Ethiopia and Colombia. Science 343(6175):1154–1158 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostfeld, R.S., and J.L. Brunner: Climate change and Ixodes tick-borne diseases of humans. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 370(1665):20140051 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staples, J.E., R.F. Breiman, and A.M. Powers: Chikungunya fever: An epidemiological review of a re-emerging infectious disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49(6):942–948 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIOSH. “Mosquito-borne Diseases.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/outdoor/mosquito-borne/zika.html (accessed August 22, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn, B.M.: Chikungunya virus transmission found in the United States: US health authorities brace for wider spread. JAMA 312(8):776–777 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morens, D.M., and A.S. Fauci: Chikungunya at the door—Déjà vu all over again? N. Engl. J. Med. 371(10):885–887 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, S.: Arrival of chikungunya virus in the new world: prospects for spread and impact on public health. PLoS Neglect. Trop. Dis. 8(6):e2921–e2921 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, G.S., T.L. Schulze, C. Hayne, and W.E. Parkin: A focus of lyme disease in Monmoutei County, New Jersey. Am. J. Epidemiol. 120(3):387–394 (1984).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M.D., B.S. Schwartz, C. Friedmann, B. Maccarillo, M. Borbi, and R. Tuccillo: Lyme disease in New Jersey outdoor workers: a statewide survey of seroprevalence and tick exposure. Am. J. Publ. Health 80(10):1225–1229 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, B.S., and M.D. Goldstein: Lyme disease in outdoor workers: risk factors, preventive measures, and tick removal methods. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131(5):877–885 (1990).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugeler, K.J., G.M. Farley, J.D. Forrester, and P.S. Mead: Geographic distribution and expansion of human Lyme disease, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 21:1455–1457 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): NIOSH Fast Facts: Protecting Yourself from Ticks and Mosquitoes, pp. NIOSH Publication No. 2010–2119: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Morin, C.W., and A.C. Comrie: Regional and seasonal response of a West Nile virus vector to climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(39):15620–15625 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz, S.: Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B: Biolog. Sci. 370(1665):20130561 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings, K., A. McDowell, C. Wheeler, et al.: Point-source outbreak of coccidioidomycosis in construction workers. Epidemiol. Infect. 138(04):507–511 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, C.A., S.M. Anderson, S.B. Imholte, et al.: Enhanced surveillance of coccidioidomycosis, Arizona, USA, 2007–2008. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16(11):1738 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Correctional Health Care Services (CCHCS): Public health and quality management units. Coccidioidomycosis in California's adult prisons 2006–2010. California Correctional Health Care Services (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Das, R., J. McNary, K. Fitzsimmons, et al.: Occupational coccidioidomycosis in California: outbreak investigation, respirator recommendations, and surveillance findings. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 54(5):564–571 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J., K. Benedict, B.J. Park, and G.R. Thompson III: Coccidioidomycosis: Epidemiology. Clin. Epidemiol. 5:185 (2013).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC): Increase in reported coccidioidomycosis–United States, 1998–2011. MMWR 62(12):217 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• California Department of Public Health (CDPH): “Preventing Work-related Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever).” Available at http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ohb/pages/cocci.aspx (accessed November 10, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C., B.M. Barker, S. Hoover, et al.: Recent advances in our understanding of the environmental, epidemiological, immunological, and clinical dimensions of coccidioidomycosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26(3):505–525 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sondermeyer, G., L. Lee, D. Gilliss, F. Tabnak, and D. Vugia: Coccidioidomycosis-associated hospitalizations, California, USA, 2000–2011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19(10):1590–1597 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Coccidioidomycosis among cast and crew members at an outdoor television filming event–California. MMWR 63(15):321–324 (2014d).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever).” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/valleyfever/default.html (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Evaluation of Coccidioides Exposures and Coccidioidomycosis Infections among Prison Employees, de Perio, MA and Burr, GA (ed.). Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hu, W., K. Mengersen, S.-Y. Fu, and S. Tong: The use of ZIP and CART to model cryptosporidiosis in relation to climatic variables. Int. J. Biometeorol. 54(4):433–440 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, P.J., S.N. Johnson, A.C. Newton, and J.S. Ingram: Integrating pests and pathogens into the climate change/food security debate. J. Exp. Bot. 60(10):2827–2838 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koleva, N.G., and U.A. Schneider: The impact of climate change on the external cost of pesticide applications in US agriculture. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 7(3):203–216 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, A., S. Riha, A. DiTommaso, and A. DeGaetano: Climate change and the geography of weed damage: analysis of US maize systems suggests the potential for significant range transformations. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 130(3):131–140 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, S., and A.C. Newton: Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview. Plant Pathol. 60(1):2–14 (2011).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentz, B.J.: “Western U.S. Bark Beetles and Climate Change.” Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/topics/bark-beetles.shtml (accessed September 21, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S.J., T. Schoennagel, T.T. Veblen, and T.B. Chapman: Area burned in the western United States is unaffected by recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112(14):4375–4380 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollack, E.: Counting up to green: assessing the green economy and its implications for growth and equity. Econ. Policy Instit. Briefing Paper #349, October 9th (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Schulte, P.A., D. Heidel, A. Okun, and C. Branche: Making green jobs safe. Indust. Health 48(4):377–379 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS): “GGS News, Green Goods and Services.” Available at http://www.bls.gov/ggs/#news, (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, J., G. Takle, R. Grotjahn, et al.: Agriculture. Climate change impacts in the United States: The third national climate assessment. In U.S. Global Change Research Program, J.M. Melillo, T.C. Richmond and G.W. Yohe (eds.), 2014. pp. 150–174.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, S., E. Marshall, M., Aillery, P. Heisey, M. Livingston, and K. Day-Rubenstein: Agricultural adaptation to a changing climate: economic and environmental implications vary by US region. USDA-ERS Econ. Res. Rep. 136 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Shelton, C.: Climate change adaptation in fisheries and aquaculture–compilation of initial examples. Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1088. Rome, FAO, 2014. p. 34.
   Google Scholar
• Mulloy, K.B., S.A. Sumner, C. Rose, et al.: Renewable energy and occupational health and safety research directions: A white paper from the Energy Summit, Denver Colorado, April 11–13, 2011. Am. J. Indust. Med. 56(11):1359–1370 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner, S.A., and P.M. Layde: Expansion of renewable energy industries and implications for occupational health. JAMA 302(7):787–789 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, B.F., T. Pearce, and P.D. Siegel: Case Study: Safety and Chemical Exposure Evaluation at a Small Biodiesel Production Facility. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 8(7):D68–D72 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis, N.: Breathing easier? The known impacts of biodiesel on air quality. Biofuels 3(3):285–291 (2012).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): “Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2013.” Available at http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2013_advncng_smm_rpt.pdf (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Graham, T., J. Tessler, P. Orris, J. Shimek, M. Wilson, and H. Witt: “Sustainable and Safe Recycling: Protecting Workers who Protect the Planet.” Available at http://www.coshnetwork.org/sites/default/files/SafeRec-yclingReport.pdf (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Engkvist, I.-L., R. Svensson, and J. Eklund: Reported occupational injuries at Swedish recycling centres–based on official statistics. Ergonomics 54(4):357–366 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schecter, A., J.A. Colacino, T.R. Harris, N. Shah, and S.I. Brummitt: A newly recognized occupational hazard for US electronic recycling facility workers: polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 51(4):435–440 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsydenova, O., and M. Bengtsson: Chemical hazards associated with treatment of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Waste Manage 31(1):45–58 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebisch, R., and G. Linsel: Workers exposure to hazardous substances and biological agents in recycling enterprises. Arbeitsplatzbelastung 72(4):163–169 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Julander, A., L. Lundgren, L. Skare, et al.: Formal recycling of e-waste leads to increased exposure to toxic metals: An occupational exposure study from Sweden. Environ. Int. 73:243–251 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambach, R., J. Droste, G. François, et al.: Work-related health symptoms among compost facility workers: a cross-sectional study. Arch. Publ. Health 70(13):0778–0736 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Schulte, P.A., R. Rinehart, A. Okun, C.L. Geraci, and D.S. Heidel: National Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative. J. Saf. Res. 39(2):115–121 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (IOM): Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, J.: Climate Change and Indoor Environments. Epidemiology 22(1):S143–S144 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Chow, D.H.C.: The potential impact of climate change on heating and cooling loads for office buildings in the Yangtze River Delta. Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol. 7(3):234–247 (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Hinkel, J., D. Lincke, A.T. Vafeidis, et al.: Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(9):3292–3297 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattheus, C.R., A.B. Rodriguez, B.A. McKee, and C.A. Currin: Impact of land-use change and hard structures on the evolution of fringing marsh shorelines. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 88(3):365–376 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, B., J.J. Hess, and H. Frumkin: Urban form and extreme heat events: Are sprawling cities more vulnerable to climate change than compact cities? Environ. Health Perspect. 118(10): 425–1428 (2010).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallick, F.H., and M. Mourshed: Adapting buildings to climate change. Open House Int. 37(4):14–18 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrabovszky-Horváth, S., T. Pálvölgyi, T. Csoknyai, and A. Talamon: Generalized residential building typology for urban climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies: The case of Hungary. Energy Build 62:475–485 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talamon, A.: Adapting building sector to climate change: The case of Hungary. In IYCE 2013 - 4th International Youth Conference on Energy, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., C. Manning, and C. Hodge: Beyond Storms & Droughts: The Psychological Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and ecoAmerica, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Salcioglu, E., M. Basoglu, and M. Livanou: Post‐traumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among survivors of the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Disasters 31(2):115–129 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, H.L., B.J. Kelly, I.C. Hanigan, et al.: Rural mental health impacts of climate change. Commissioned report for the Garnaut Climate Change Review. Canberra: The Australian National University (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Fritze, J.G., G.A. Blashki, S. Burke, and J. Wiseman: Hope, despair and transformation: Climate change and the promotion of mental health and well-being. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 2:13 (2008).
   Google Scholar
• Hsiang, S.M.: Temperatures and cyclones strongly associated with economic production in the Caribbean and Central America. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107(35):15367–15372 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom, T.: Impact of climate conditions on occupational health and related economic losses a new feature of global and urban health in the context of climate change. Asia Pac. J. Publ. Health 28(2 Suppl):28S–37S (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso, M., M. Manera, A. Chiabai, and A. Markandya: The health effects of climate change: A survey of recent quantitative research. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health 9(5):1523–1547 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C., A.G. Barnett, Z. Xu, et al.: Managing the health effects of temperature in response to climate change: challenges ahead. Environ. Health Perspect. 121(4):415 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocean Studies Board: Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ocean Studies Board: Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool the Earth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Lenton, T.M., and N.E. Vaughan: The radiative forcing potential of different climate geoengineering options. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9(15):5539–5561 (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robock, A., A. Marquardt, B. Kravitz, and G. Stenchikov: Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36(19): (2009).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck, J.H.: Geoengineering: re-making climate for profit or humanitarian intervention? Dev. Change 43(1):253–270 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, H., K. Alterskjær, D. Bou Karam, et al.: Solar irradiance reduction to counteract radiative forcing from a quadrupling of CO2: climate responses simulated by four earth system models. Earth Syst. Dyn. 3:63–78 (2012).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldeira, K., G. Bala, and L. Cao: The science of geoengineering. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet Sci. 41:231–256 (2013).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robock, A.: Stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. Geoeng. Clim. Syst. 38:162 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Thomsen, C., J. McClain, K. Rosenman, and L. Davis: Indicators for occupational health surveillance. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 1–7 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arbury, S., B. Jacklitsch, O. Farquah, et al.: Heat illness and death among workers — United States, 2012–2013. MMWR (31):661–665 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, J.T., and P.E. Sheffield: Re-evaluating occupational heat stress in a changing climate. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 58(8):936–942 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., P. Bi, and J. Hiller: Climate change and disability-adjusted life years. J. Environ. Health 70(3):32–36 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crider, K.G., E.H. Maples, and J.M. Gohlke: Incorporating occupational risk in heat stress vulnerability mapping. J. Environ. Health 77(1):16–22 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Public Health Association: Climate Change: Mastering the Public Health Role: a Practical Guidebook. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Thacker, M.T., R. Lee, R.I. Sabogal, and A. Henderson: Overview of deaths associated with natural events, United States, 1979–2004. Disasters 32(2):303–315 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, M.L., and M. Anker: 10 Disease surveillance in the context of climate stressors: needs and opportunities. In Integration of Public Health with Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons Learned and New Directions, K.L. Ebi, J. Smith, and I. Burton (eds.). London: Taylor & Francis, 2005. pp. 191–214.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, J.J., P.J. Schramm, and G. Luber: Public health and climate change adaptation at the federal level: one agency's response to executive order 13514. Am. J. Publ. Health 104(3):e22–e30 (2014).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manangan, A.P., C.K. Uejio, S. Saha, et al.: “Assessing Health Vulnerability to Climate Change”. In Climate Health Technical Report Series. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Schramm, P.J., C.K. Uejio, J.J. Hess, G.D. Marinucci, and G. Luber: Climate models and the use of climate projections. National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014).
   Google Scholar
• Letcher, T.M.: Climate Change: Observed Impacts on Planet Earth. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, A.J.: Global Climate Change: Convergence of Disciplines. University of California at Davis: Sinauer Associates, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “Chikungunya Virus.” Available at http://www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/ (accessed August 31, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Chorley, A.C., B.J. Evans, and M.J. Benwell: Civilian pilot exposure to ultraviolet and blue light and pilot use of sunglasses. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 82(9): 895–900 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NYDOH: “Fact Sheet For Outdoor Workers: West Nile Virus Information.” Available at http://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2742/ (accessed September 22, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Kjellstrom, T., B. Lemke, M. Otto, O. Hyatt, D. Briggs, and C. Freyberg: Climate Change and Increasing Heat Impacts On Labor Productivity, Available at unfcc.int/files/science/workstreams/the_2013-2015_review/ (accessed August 22, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, D.: “Minnesota's Energy Future? Part III: Conservation, Jevons' Paradox and Alternative Energies.” Available at http://www.mnforusustain.org/erickson_dell_minnesotas_energy_future_part_III.htm (accessed May 26, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Massey, N: “Colorado Fire Follows in Pine Beetles and Climate Change.” Available at http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/colorado-fire-follows-pine-beetles-tracks/ (accessed September 21, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Ebi, K.L., and I. Burton: Identifying practical adaptation options: an approach to address climate change-related health risks. Environ. Sci. Policy 11(4):359–369 (2008).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar