References
- Abulhassan Y, Davis GA. 2021. Considerations for the transportation of school aged children amid the Coronavirus pandemic. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect. 9:100290. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100290
- Allen JG, Marr LC. 2020. Recognizing and controlling airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Indoor Air. 30(4):557–558. doi:10.1111/ina.12697
- ASHRAE. 2020. ASHRAE position document on infectious aerosols. Atlanta (GA): ASHRAE Environmental Health Position Document Committee; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/about/position%20documents/pd_infectiousaerosols_2020.pdf.
- ASTM Standard D6245-18. 2018. Standard guide for using indoor carbon dioxide concentrations to evaluate indoor air quality and ventilation. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International. doi:10.1520/D6245-18www.astm.org.
- ASTM Standard E741-11. 2017. Standard test method for determining air change in a single zone by means of a tracer gas dilution. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International. doi:10.1520/E0741-11R17www.astm.org.
- Burgess WA, Ellenbecker MJ, Treitman RD. 2004. Ventilation for control of the work environment. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, Gamber M, Wu J, He G. 2020. Indirect virus transmission in cluster of COVID-19 cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 26(6):1343–1345. doi:10.3201/eid2606.200412
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (CDC NCEZID). 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: background C air. Atlanta (GA): CDC, NCEZID, Division of Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP); [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/background/air.html#c5b.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (CDC NCIRD). 2021a. Science brief: SARS-CoV-2 and surface (fomite) transmission for indoor community environments. Atlanta (GA): CDC, NCIRD Division of Viral Diseases; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/surface-transmission.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (CDC NCIRD). 2021b. Science brief: SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Atlanta, GA: CDC, NCIRD Division of Viral Diseases; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/sars-cov-2-transmission.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fscience%2Fscience-briefs%2Fscientific-brief-sars-cov-2.html.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (CDC NCIRD). 2021c. Ventilation in buildings. Atlanta, GA: CDC, NCIRD Division of Viral Diseases; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/ventilation.html.
- Chaudhry SK, Elumalai SP. 2020. The influence of school bus ventilation scenarios over in-cabin PM number concentration and air exchange rates. Atmos Pollut Res. 11(8):1396–1407. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2020.05.021
- English TR, Koenigshofer D. 2015. A history of the changing concepts on health-care ventilation. ASHRAE Trans. 121:45–62.
- Foster A, Kinzel M. 2021. Estimating COVID-19 exposure in a classroom setting: a comparison between mathematical and numerical models. Phys Fluids. 33(2):021904. doi:10.1063/5.0040755
- Khatib AN, Carvalho AM, Primavesi R, To K, Poirier V. 2020. Navigating the risks of flying during COVID-19: a review for safe air travel. J Travel Med. 27(8):taaa212. doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa212
- Li F, Lee ES, Zhou B, Liu J, Zhu Y. 2017. Effects of the window openings on the micro-environmental condition in a school bus. Atmos Environ. 167:434–443. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.053
- Meyerowitz EA, Richterman A, Gandhi RT, Sax PE. 2021. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors. Ann Intern Med. 174(1):69–79. doi:10.7326/M20-5008
- Morawska L, Milton DK. 2020. It is time to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 71(9):2311–2313. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa939
- Morawska L, Tang JW, Bahnfleth W, Bluyssen PM, Boerstra A, Buonanno G, Cao J, Dancer S, Floto A, Franchimon F, et al. 2020. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int. 142:105832. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1997. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati (OH): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0103.html.
- National School Transportation Association (NSTA). 2013. The Yellow School Bus Industry: industry white paper prepared by the National School Transportation Association; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/nsta/6571/Yellow-School-Bus-Industry-White-Paper.pdf.
- Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Al-Malkey MK, Alsubki R, Ezzikouri S, Al-Hababi FH, Sah R, Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, Al-Tawfiq JA, et al. 2021. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the dominant route of transmission: droplets and aerosols. Infez Med. 29(1):10–19.
- Rim D, Siegel J, Spinhirne J, Webb A, McDonald-Buller E. 2008. Characteristics of cabin air quality in school buses in Central Texas. Atmos Environ. 42(26):6453–6464. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.04.030
- Robles Y. 2020, Nov 8. At least six Colorado school districts have reported coronavirus outbreaks among transportation employees. Colorado Sun. [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://coloradosun.com/2020/11/08/school-bus-coronavirus-outbreaks-colorado/.
- Schibuola L, Tambani C. 2021. High energy efficiency ventilation to limit COVID-19 contagion in school environments. Energy Build. 240:110882. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110882
- Schoen LJ. 2020. Guidance for building operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. ASHRAE Journal. May 2020, 72–74; [accessed 2021 Dec 14]. https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/ashrae%20journal/2020journaldocuments/72-74_ieq_schoen.pdf.
- Shen Y, Li C, Dong H, Wang Z, Martinez L, Sun Z, Handel A, Chen Z, Chen E, Ebell MH, et al. 2020. Community outbreak investigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among bus riders in Eastern China. JAMA Intern Med. 180(12):1665–1671. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225 Erratum in: JAMA Intern Med. 2021 May 1;181(5):727.
- Tang S, Mao Y, Jones RM, Tan Q, Ji JS, Li N, Shen J, Lv Y, Pan L, Ding P, et al. 2020. Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control. Environ Int. 144:106039. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106039
- TSI. 2008. Q-Trak™ Indoor Air Quality Monitor Model 7565; [accessed 2021 Apr 15]. https://tsi.com/getmedia/613cbb6b-6b50-4d0d-87cb-dee0bb33c247/7565-Q-Trak_5001010B_A4?ext=.pdf.