The “dirty work” of last responders: Occupational stigma risk and protective factors

References

• Afifi RA, Calderon JL, Pham H, Teahen P, Zarate-Sada S, Sewell DK, Vander Weg MW. 2023. Ignored and distressed: a cross-sectional study of the impact of COVID-19 on last responders. BMC Public Health. 23(1):1637. PMID: 37633898. doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16565-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE, Clark MA, Fugate M. 2007. Normalizing dirty work: managerial tactics for countering occupational taint. Acad Manage J. 50(1):149–174. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24162092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE. 1999. “How can you do it?”: dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Acad Manage Rev. 24(3):413–434. doi:10.5465/amr.1999.2202129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE. 2013. Profane or profound? Finding meaning in dirty work. In: Dik BJ, Byrne ZW, Steger MF, editors. Purpose and meaning in the workplace. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 127–150. doi:10.1037/14183-007.
   Google Scholar
• Batista AS, Codo W. 2018. Dirty work and stigma: caretakers of death in cemeteries. Rev Estudios Sociales. 63(63):72–83. doi:10.7440/res63.2018.06.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman ME, Chalkley KM. 2007. “Ex” marks a spot: The stickiness of dirty work and other removed stigmas. J Occup Health Psychol. 12(3):251–265. doi:10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi D, Ploeger-Lyons NA. 2022. (Un)wanted and (un)sought services: Exploring the funeral industry positivity and rural funeral directors’ destigmatization. Commun Stud. 73(5–6):511–526. doi:10.1080/10510974.2022.2149583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carden P. 2001. Rising from the dead: delimiting stigma in the Australian funeral industry. Health Sociol Rev. 10(2):79–87. doi:10.5172/hesr.2001.10.2.79.
   Google Scholar
• Cook JE, Purdie-Vaughns V, Meyer IH, Busch JTA. 2014. Intervening within and across levels: a multilevel approach to stigma and public health. Soc Sci Med. 103:101–109. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan PW, Morris SB, Michaels PJ, Rafacz JD, Rüsch N. 2012. Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatr Serv. 63(10):963–973. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutton JE, Roberts LM, Bednar J. 2010. Pathways for positive identity construction at work: four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Acad Manag Rev. 35(2):265–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidetti G, Grandi A, Converso D, Bosco N, Fantinelli S, Zito M, Colombo L. 2021. Funeral and mortuary operators: the role of stigma, incivility, work meaningfulness and work-family relation to explain occupational burnout. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(13):6691. doi:10.3390/ijerph18136691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. 2013. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 103(5):813–821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim G, Sellbom M, Ford KL. 2014. Race/ethnicity and measurement equivalence of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Psychol Assess. 26(3):892–900. doi:10.1037/a0036431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreiner G, Mihelcic CA, Mikolon S. 2022. Stigmatized work and stigmatized workers. Annu Rev Organ Psychol Organ Behav. 9(1):95–120. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012420-091423.
   Google Scholar
• Kreiner GE, Ashforth BE, Sluss DM. 2006. Identity Dynamics in occupational dirty work: Integrating social identity and system justification perspectives. Organ Sci. 17(5):619–636. doi:10.1287/orsc.1060.0208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mejia C, Pittman R, Beltramo JMD, Horan K, Grinley A, Shoss MK. 2021. Stigma and dirty work: In-group and out-group perceptions of essential service workers during COVID-19. Int J Hosp Manag. 93:102772. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogolla C. 2023. Dying in isolation: public health implications of transportation and burial of human remains during pandemic fifty state survey. J Health Care Law Policy. 26(1):105–154.
   Google Scholar
• Petrishen B. 2021. Lawmaker ‘stunned’ by state’s silence on funeral director vaccinations. Telegram and Gazette. 2021 Jan 28 [accessed 2023 Aug 29]. https://www.telegram.com/story/news/2021/01/28/lawmaker-stunned-massachusetts-silence-funeral-directorvaccinations/4300436001/.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin DB. 2004. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. Vol. 81. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Schubert M, Ludwig J, Freiberg A, Hahne TM, Romero Starke K, Girbig M, Faller G, Apfelbacher C, von Dem Knesebeck O, Seidler A. 2021. Stigmatization from work-related COVID-19 exposure: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18(12):6183. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi XL, Li LY, Fan ZG. 2023. Psychiatrists’ occupational stigma conceptualization, measurement, and intervention: a literature review. World J Psychiatry. 13(6):298–318. doi:10.5498/wjp.v13.i6.298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, van Brakel W, C Simbayi L, Barré I, Dovidio JF. 2019. The Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Med. 17(1):31. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1271-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson WE. 1991. Handling the stigma of handling the dead: Morticians and funeral directors. Deviant Behav. 12(4):403–429. doi:10.1080/01639625.1991.9967888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtorta RR, Baldissarri C, Andrighetto L, Volpato C. 2019. Dirty jobs and dehumanization of workers. Br J Soc Psychol. 58(4):955–970. doi:10.1111/bjso.12315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997. 2(3):335–351. doi:10.1177/135910539700200305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang R, Wang MS, Toubiana M, Greenwood R. 2021. Stigma beyond levels: advancing research on stigmatization. Acad Manage Ann. 15(1):188–222. doi:10.5465/annals.2019.0031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar