References
- Aissen, J. (2003). Differential object marking: Iconicity vs. economy. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21(3), 435–483.
- Amato, M. S., & MacDonald, M. C. (2010). Sentence processing in an artificial language: Learning and using combinatorial constraints. Cognition,116(1), 143–148.
- Aslin, R. N., Saffran, J. R., & Newport, E. L. (1998). Computation of conditional probability statistics by 8-month-old infants. Psychological Science, 9(4), 321–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00063
- Bates, D., Kliegl, R., Vasishth, S., & Baayen, H. (2015). Parsimonious mixed models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.04967.
- Berko-Gleason, J. (1958). The child’s learning of English morphology. WORD, 14(2–3), 150–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1958.11659661
- Bickerton, D. (1984). The language bioprogram hypothesis, plus commentaries and author’s response. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(2), 173–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00044149
- Bicknell, K., Demberg, V., & Levy, R. (2008). Local coherences in the wild: An eye-tracking corpus study. Language, 54, 363–388.
- Boudreault, P., & Mayberry, R. I. (2006). Grammatical processing in American sign language: Age of first-language acquisition effects in relation to syntactic structure. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21(5), 608–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960500139363
- Brown, R. (1973). A first language: The early stages. Harvard University Press.
- Chambers, K. E., Onishi, K. H., & Fisher, C. (2003). Infants learn phonotactic regularities from brief auditory experience. Cognition, 87(2), B69–B77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00233-0
- Cheshire, J., Kerswill, P., Fox, S., & Torgersen, E. (2011). Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 15(2), 151–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x
- Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
- Cochran, B. P., McDonald, J. L., & Parault, S. J. (1999). Too smart for their own good: The disadvantage of a superior processing capacity for adult language learners. Journal of Memory and Language, 41(1), 30–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2633
- Culbertson, J., & Newport, E. L. (2015). Harmonic biases in child learners: In support of language universals. Cognition, 139, 71–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.02.007
- Culbertson, J., & Newport, E. L. (2017). Innovation of word order harmony across development. Open Mind: Discoveries in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/OPMI_a_00010
- Culbertson, Jennifer & Gagliardi, Annie & Smith, Kenny. (2017). Competition between phonological and semantic cues in noun class learning. Journal of Memory and Language. 92, 343-358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.08.001.
- Culbertson, J., Jarvinen, H., Haggarty, F., & Smith, K. (2019). Children’s sensitivity to phonological and semantic cues during noun class learning: Evidence for a phonological bias. Language 95(2), 268-293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2019.0031.
- Chappell, H., & Verstraete, J. C. (2019). Optional and alternating case marking: Typology and diachrony. Language and Linguistics Compass,13(3), e12311.
- D'Arcy, A., & Tagliamonte, S. A. (2015). Not always variable: Probing the vernacular grammar.Language Variation and Change,27(3), 255–285.
- DeGraff, M. (1999). Language creation and language change: Creolization, diachrony, and development (introduction and conclusion). MIT Press.
- Elman, J. (1993). Learning and development in neural networks: The importance of starting small. Cognition, 48(1), 71–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90058-4
- Fischer S.(1978), Sign language and creoles. In P. Siple (Ed.), Understanding language through sign language research. Academic Press.
- Fisher, C. (2002). The role of abstract syntactic knowledge in language acquisition: A reply to Tomasello.Cognition, 82, 259–278.
- Ferdinand, V., Kirby, S., & Smith, K. (2019). The cognitive roots of regularization in language. Cognition, 184, 53–68.
- Gerken, L., Landau, B., & Remez, R. (1990). Function morphemes in young children’s speech perception and production. Developmental Psychology, 26(2), 204–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.2.204
- Gerken, L. A. (2004). Nine-month-olds extract structural principles required for natural language. Cognition, 93(3), B89–B96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.005
- Gerken, L. A. (2006). Decisions, decisions: Infant language learning when multiple generalizations are possible. Cognition, 98(3), B67–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2005.03.003
- Gleitman, L., Gleitman, H., & Shipley, E. (1973). The emergence of the child as grammarian. Cognition, 1(2), 137–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(72)90016-9
- Goldowsky, B. N., & Newport, E. L. (1993). Modeling the effects of processing limitations on the acquisition of morphology: The less is more hypothesis. In J. Mead (ed.), The proceedings of the 11th West Coast conference on formal linguistics. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
- Gomez, R. L. (2002). Variability and detection of invariant structure. Psychological Science, 13(5), 431–436. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00476
- Gleitman, L. R., & Gleitman, H. (1970). Phrase and paraphrase: Some innovative uses of language.New York: W. W. Norton.
- Gomez, R. L., & Gerken, L. (1999). Artificial grammar learning by 1-year-olds leads to specific and abstract knowledge. Cognition,70(2), 109–135.
- Hall, R. A. (1966). Pidgin and creole languages. Cornell University Press.
- Hornstein, N. (2009). A theory of syntax: Minimal operations and universal grammar. Cambridge University Press.
- Hudson Kam, C., & Newport, E. (2009). Getting it right by getting it wrong: When learners change languages. Cognitive Psychology, 59(1), 30–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.01.001
- Hudson Kam, C. L. (2015). The impact of conditioning variables on the acquisition of variation in adult and child learners. Language, 91(4), 906–937. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2015.0051
- Hudson Kam, C. L., & Chang, A. (2009). Investigating the cause of language regularization in adults: Memory constraints or learning effects? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(3), 815–821.
- Hudson Kam, C. L., & Newport, E. L. (2005). Regularizing unpredictable variation: The roles of adult and child learners in language formation and change. Language Learning and Development, 1(2), 151–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2005.9684215
- Kroch, A., & Small, C. (1978). Grammatical ideology and its effect on speech. Linguistic variation: Models and methods, 45755.
- Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0
- Kegl, J. A., Senghas, A., & Coppola, M. (1999). Creation through contact: Sign language emergence and sign language change in Nicaragua. In M. DeGraff (Ed.), Language creation and language change: Creolization, diachrony, and development (pp. 179–237). MIT Press.
- Kerswill, P., & Williams, A. (2000). Creating a new town koine: Children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society, 29(1), 65–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500001020
- Kiparsky, P. (1970). Historical linguistics. In W. O. Dingwall (Ed.), A survey of linguistic science. (pp.576–642). University of Maryland Press.
- Kocab, A., Senghas, A., & Snedeker, J. (2016). The emergence of temporal language in Nicaraguan sign language. Cognition, 156, 147–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.08.005
- Koulaguina, E., & Shi, R. (2013). abstract rule learning in 11- and 14-month-old infants. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 42(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-012-9208-4
- Kuczaj, S. (1977). The acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(5), 589–600. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80021-2
- Labov, W. (1989). The child as linguistic historian. Language Variation and Change, 1(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000120
- Labov, W. (2007). Transmission and diffusion. Language, 83(2), 344–387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2007.0082
- Marcus, G., Pinker, S., Ullman, M., Hollander, M., Rosen, T., & Xu, F. (1992). Overregularization in language acquisition. Monographs of the SRCD, Serial no. 228.
- Mayberry, R. I., & Fischer, S. D. (1989). Looking through phonological shape to lexical meaning: The bottleneck of nonnative sign language processing. Memory & Cognition, 17(6), 740–754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202635
- Maye, J., Werker, J. F., & Gerken, L. A. (2002). Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination. Cognition, 82(3), B101–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00157-3
- McWhorter, J. H. (2005). Defining creole. Oxford University Press.
- Miller, K. (2013). Acquisition of variable rules: /s/-lenition in the speech of Chilean Spanish-speaking children and their caregivers. Language Variation and Change, 25(3), 311–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S095439451300015X
- Mintz, T. H., Newport, E. L., & Bever, T. G. (2002). The distributional structure of grammatical categories in speech to young children. Cognitive Science, 26(4), 393–425. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2604_1
- Morgan, E., & Levy, R. (2016). Abstract knowledge versus direct experience in processing of binomial expressions. Cognition, 157, 384–402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.09.011
- Mufwene, S. S. (2007). Population movements and contacts in language evolution. Journal of Language Contact, 1(1), 63–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548332
- Newport, E. L. (1990). Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science, 14(1), 11–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1401_2
- Newport, E. L. (1999). Reduced input in the acquisition of signed languages: Contributions to the study of creolization. In M. Degraff (Ed.), Creolization, Diachrony, and Language Acquisition. MIT Press.
- Newport, E. L., & Aslin, R. N. (2004). Learning at a distance: I. Statistical learning of non-adjacent dependencies. Cognitive Psychology, 48(2), 127–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0285(03)00128-2
- Perfors, A., & Burns, N. (2010). Adult language learners under cognitive load do not over-regularize like children. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (eds), Proceedings of the 32nd annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 2524–2529). Portland, Oregon.
- Perfors, A. (2012). When do memory limitations lead to regularization? An experimental and computational investigation. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(4), 486–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.07.009
- Perfors, A. (2016). Adult regularization of inconsistent input depends on pragmatic factors. Language Learning and Development, 12(2), 138–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15475441.2015.1052449
- Reali, F., & Griffiths, T. L. (2009). The evolution of frequency distributions: Relating regularization to inductive biases through iterated learning. Cognition, 111(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.02.012
- Roberts, J. (1999). Going younger to do difference: The role of children in language change. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 6(2), 10. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol6/iss2/10.
- Ross, D. S., & Newport, E. L. (1996). The development of language from non-native linguistic input. In A. Stringfellow & D. Cahana-Amitay (Eds.) Proceedings of the 20th annual Boston University conference on language development. Cascadilla Press: Somerville, MA.
- Ross, D. S. (2001). Disentangling the nature-nurture interaction: The effects of exposure to non-native input on the language acquisition process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Rochester.
- Reeder, P. A., Newport, E. L., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). From shared contexts to syntactic categories: The role of distributional information in learning linguistic form-classes. Cognitive Psychology,66, 30–54.
- Schuler, K. D., Yang, C., & Newport, E. L. (2016). Testing the Tolerance Principle: Children form productive rules when it is computationally more efficient to do so. In A. Papafragou, D. Grodner, D. Mirman, & J. C. Trueswell (Eds.) Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 2321–2326). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
- Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274(5294), 1926–1928. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5294.1926
- Samara, A., Smith, K., Brown, H., & Wonnacott, E. (2017). Acquiring variation in an artificial language: Children and adults are sensitive to socially conditioned linguistic variation. Cognitive Psychology, 94, 85–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.02.004
- Sankoff, G. (1979). The genesis of a language. In K. C. Hill (Ed.), The genesis of language. Karoma Publishers, p. 32-47.
- Sankoff, G., & Laberge, S. (1973). On the acquisition of native speakers by a language. Kivung, 6, 32–47. https://doi-org.proxy.library.upenn.edu/10.9783/9781512809589-014
- Schwab, J., Lew-Williams, C., & Goldberg, A. (2018). When regularization gets it wrong: Children over-simplify language input only in production. Journal of Child Language, 45(5), 1054–1072. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000918000041
- Senghas, A., & Coppola, M. (2001). Children creating language: How nicaraguan sign language acquired a spatial grammar. Psychological Science, 12(4), 323–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00359
- Singleton, J. L., & Newport, E. L. (2004). When learners surpass their models: The acquisition of American sign language from inconsistent input. Cognitive Psychology, 49(4), 370–407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.05.001
- Slobin, D. L. (1973). Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In D. L. Slobin & C. Ferguson (Eds.), Studies of child language development. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 175-208.
- Smith, J., Durham, M., & Fortune, L. (2007). ’Mam, my trousers is fa’in doon! ’: Community, caregiver, and child in the acquisition of variation in a Scottish dialect. Language Variation and Change, 19(1), 63–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394507070044
- Smith, J., Durham, M., & Richards, H. (2013). The social and linguistic in the acquisition of sociolinguistic norms: Caregivers, children, and variation. Linguistics, 51(2), 285–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2013-0012
- Smith, K., Perfors, A., Fehér, O., Samara, A., Swoboda, K., & Wonnacott, E. (2017). Language learning, language use and the evolution of linguistic variation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 372(1711), 20160051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0051
- Smith, K., & Wonnacott, E. (2010). Eliminating unpredictable variation through iterated learning. Cognition, 116(3), 444–449. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.06.004
- Sneller, B., & Newport, E. L. (2020). Acquisition of grammatically and socially conditioned phonological variation. Poster presented at the Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA, November 2020.
- Tomasello, M. (2000). The item-based nature of children’s early syntactic development. Trends in cognitive sciences, 4(4), 156–163
- Trudgill, P., Gordon, E., Lewis, G., & Maclagan, M. (2000). Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics, 36(2), 299–318. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226700008161
- Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M., & Logrip, M. L. (1999). The kindergarten-path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition, 73(2), 89–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00032–3
- Thompson, S. P., & Newport, E. L. (2007). Statistical learning of syntax: The role of transitional probability. Language Learning and Development,3, 1–42.
- Thothathiri, M., & Rattinger, M. G. (2016). Acquiring and producing sentences: Whether learners use verb-specific or verb-general information depends on cue validity. Frontiers in Psychology,7, 404.
- Wonnacott, E. (2011). Balancing generalization and lexical conservatism: An artificial language study with child learners. Journal of Memory and Language,65(1), 1–14.
- Wonnacott, E., Newport, E. L., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (2008). Acquiring and processing verb argument structure: Distributional learning in a miniature language. Cognitive Psychology,2008(56), 165–209.
- Weber-Fox, C., & Neville, H. J. (1996). Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: ERP and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8(3), 231–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.231