A to I editing in disease is not fake news

References

• Vogel C, Marcotte EM. Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Nat Rev Genet 2012; 13:227-32; PMID:22411467; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Zhao BS, Roundtree IA, Lu Z, Han D, Ma H, Weng X, Chen K, Shi H, He C. N(6)-methyladenosine Modulates Messenger RNA Translation Efficiency. Cell 2015; 161:1388-99; PMID:26046440; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behm-Ansmant I, Helm M, Motorin Y. Use of specific chemical reagents for detection of modified nucleotides in RNA. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:408053; PMID:21716696; http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/408053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machnicka MA, Milanowska K, Osman Oglou O, Purta E, Kurkowska M, Olchowik A, Januszewski W, Kalinowski S, Dunin-Horkawicz S, Rother KM, et al. MODOMICS: a database of RNA modification pathways–2013 update. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:D262-7; PMID:23118484; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass BL, Nishikura K, Keller W, Seeburg PH, Emeson RB, O'Connell MA, Samuel CE, Herbert A. A standardized nomenclature for adenosine deaminases that act on RNA. RNA 1997; 3:947-9; PMID:9292492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi M, Single FN, Kohler M, Sommer B, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH. RNA editing of AMPA receptor subunit GluR-B: a base-paired intron-exon structure determines position and efficiency. Cell 1993; 75:1361-70; PMID:8269514; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90622-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryman K, Fong N, Bratt E, Bentley DL, Ohman M. The C-terminal domain of RNA Pol II helps ensure that editing precedes splicing of the GluR-B transcript. Rna 2007; 13:1071-8; PMID:17525170; http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.404407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber AP, Keller W. RNA editing by base deamination: more enzymes, more targets, new mysteries. Trends Biochem Sci 2001; 26:376-84; PMID:11406411; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(01)01827-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Johnston D, Brown NH, Gall JG, Jantsch M. A conserved double-stranded RNA-binding domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:10979-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Xu JR, Liu H. A-to-I RNA editing independent of ADARs in filamentous fungi. RNA Biol 2016; 13:940-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2016.1215796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher JM, Lee K, Edelhoff S, Braun RE. Distribution of Tenr, an RNA-binding protein, in a lattice-like network within the spermatid nucleus in the mouse. Biol Reprod 1995; 52:1274-83; PMID:7543294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim U, Wang Y, Sanford T, Zeng Y, Nishikura K. Molecular cloning of cDNAs for double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase, a candidate enzyme for nuclear RNA editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:11457-61; PMID:7972084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell MA, Krause S, Higuchi M, Hsuan JJ, Totty NF, Jenny A, Keller W. Cloning of cDNAs encoding mammalian double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:1389-97; PMID:7862132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson JB, Samuel CE. Expression and regulation by interferon of a double-stranded-RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells: evidence for two forms of the deaminase. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:5376-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strehblow A, Hallegger M, Jantsch MF. Nucleocytoplasmic distribution of human RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 is modulated by double-stranded RNA-binding domains, a leucine-rich export signal, and a putative dimerization domain. Mol Biol Cell 2002; 13:3822-35; PMID:12429827; http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E02-03-0161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert A, Schade M, Lowenhaupt K, Alfken J, Schwartz T, Shlyakhtenko LS, Lyubchenko YL, Rich A. The Zalpha domain from human ADAR1 binds to the Z-DNA conformer of many different sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:3486-93; PMID:9671809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melcher T, Maas S, Higuchi M, Keller W, Seeburg PH. Editing of AMPA receptor GluR-B pre-mRNA in vitro reveals site-selective adenosine to inosine conversion. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:8566-70; PMID:7721757; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.15.8566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melcher T, Maas S, Herb A, Sprengel R, Higuchi M, Seeburg PH. RED2, a brain specific member of the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase family. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31795-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CX, Cho DS, Wang Q, Lai F, Carter KC, Nishikura K. A third member of the RNA-specific adenosine deaminase gene family, ADAR3, contains both single- and double-stranded RNA binding domains. Rna 2000; 6:755-67; PMID:10836796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly CM, Dearth AT, Braun RE. Disruption of murine Tenr results in teratospermia and male infertility. Dev Biol 2005; 278:13-21; PMID:15649457; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews MM, Thomas JM, Zheng Y, Tran K, Phelps KJ, Scott AI, Havel J, Fisher AJ, Beal PA. Structures of human ADAR2 bound to dsRNA reveal base-flipping mechanism and basis for site selectivity. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:426-33; PMID:27065196; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.3203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass BL, Weintraub H, Cattaneo R, Billeter MA. Biased hypermutation of viral RNA genomes could be due to unwinding/modification of double-stranded RNA. Cell 1989; 56:331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramaswami G, Zhang R, Piskol R, Keegan LP, Deng P, O'Connell MA, Li JB. Identifying RNA editing sites using RNA sequencing data alone. Nat Methods 2013; 10:128-32; PMID:23291724; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazak L, Haviv A, Barak M, Jacob-Hirsch J, Deng P, Zhang R, Isaacs FJ, Rechavi G, Li JB, Eisenberg E, et al. A-to-I RNA editing occurs at over a hundred million genomic sites, located in a majority of human genes. Genome Res 2014; 24:365-76; PMID:24347612; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.164749.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann KA, Bass BL. The importance of internal loops within RNA substrates of ADAR1. J Mol Biol 1999; 291:1-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levanon EY, Eisenberg E, Yelin R, Nemzer S, Hallegger M, Shemesh R, Fligelman ZY, Shoshan A, Pollock SR, Sztybel D, et al. Systematic identification of abundant A-to-I editing sites in the human transcriptome. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22:1001-5; PMID:15258596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeman Y, Levanon EY, Jantsch MF, Eisenberg E. RNA editing level in the mouse is determined by the genomic repeat repertoire. RNA 2006; 12:1802-9; PMID:16940548;; http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.165106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto Y, Cohen H, Levanon E. Mammalian conserved ADAR targets comprise only a small fragment of the human editosome. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel C, Silberberg G, Behm M, Ohman M. Alu elements shape the primate transcriptome by cis-regulation of RNA editing. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alon S, Garrett SC, Levanon EY, Olson S, Graveley BR, Rosenthal JJ, Eisenberg E. The majority of transcripts in the squid nervous system are extensively recoded by A-to-I RNA editing. eLife 2015; 4; PMID:25569156; http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannion N, Arieti F, Gallo A, Keegan LP, O'Connell MA. New Insights into the Biological Role of Mammalian ADARs; the RNA Editing Proteins. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2338-62; PMID:26437436; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom5042338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikura K. Functions and regulation of RNA editing by ADAR deaminases. Annu Rev Biochem 2009; 79:321-49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paro S, Li X, O'Connell MA, Keegan LP. Regulation and functions of ADAR in Drosophila. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2012; 353:221-36; PMID:21761288; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/82_2011_152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JB, Levanon EY, Yoon JK, Aach J, Xie B, Leproust E, Zhang K, Gao Y, Church GM. Genome-wide identification of human RNA editing sites by parallel DNA capturing and sequencing. Science 2009; 324:1210-3; PMID:19478186; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1170995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueter SM, Dawson TR, Emeson RB. Regulation of alternative splicing by RNA editing. Nature 1999; 399:75-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira PG, Oti M, Barann M, Wieland T, Ezquina S, Friedlander MR, Rivas MA, Esteve-Codina A, GEUVADIS Consortium, Rosenstiel P, Strom TM, et al. Sequence variation between 462 human individuals fine-tunes functional sites of RNA processing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32406; PMID:27617755; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep32406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JL. RNA editing in hepatitis delta virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307:67-89; PMID:16903221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey JL, Gerin JL. Hepatitis D virus RNA editing: specific modification of adenosine in the antigenomic RNA. J Virol 1995; 69:7593-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson AG, Bass BL, Casey JL. RNA editing of hepatitis delta antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature (London) 1996; 380:454-6; PMID:8602246; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/380454a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Sansam CL, Singh M, Emeson RB. Altered RNA editing in mice lacking ADAR2 autoregulation. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:480-8; PMID:16382140; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.2.480-488.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer B, Kohler M, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH. RNA editing in brain controls a determinant of ion flow in glutamate-gated channels. Cell 1991; 67:11-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnashev N, Monyer, H, Seeburg, PH, Sakmann, B. Divalent ion permeability of AMPA receptor channels is dominated by the edited form of a single subunit. Neuron 1992; 8:189-98; PMID:1370372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusa R, Zimmermann F, Koh DS, Feldmeyer D, Gass P, Seeburg PH, Sprengel R. Early-onset epilepsy and postnatal lethality associated with an editing-deficient GluR-B allele in mice. Science 1995; 270:1677-80; PMID:750208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higuchi M, Maas S, Single F, Hartner J, Rozov A, Burnashev N, Feldmeyer D, Sprengel R, Seeburg PH. Point mutation in an AMPA receptor gene rescues lethality in mice deficient in the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR2. Nature 2000; 406:78-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoft VK, Schopoff S, Jantsch MF. Regulation of glutamate receptor B pre-mRNA splicing by RNA editing. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:3723-32; PMID:17517775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara Y, Ito K, Sun H, Aizawa H, Kanazawa I, Kwak S. Glutamate receptors: RNA editing and death of motor neurons. Nature 2004; 427:801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veno M, Bramsen JB, Bendixen C, Panitz F, Holm I, Ohman M, Kjems J. Spatio-temporal regulation of ADAR editing during development in porcine neural tissues. RNA biology 2012; 9:1054-65; PMID:22858680; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/rna.21082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring H, Boije H, Daniel C, Ohlson J, Ohman M, Hallbook F. Increased A-to-I RNA editing of the transcript for GABAA receptor subunit alpha3 during chick retinal development. Vis Neurosci 2010; 27:149-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel C, Wahlstedt H, Ohlson J, Bjork P, Ohman M. A-to-I RNA editing affects trafficking of the {gamma}-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. J Biol Chem 2010
   Google Scholar
• Bercovich Z, Kahana C. Degradation of antizyme inhibitor, an ornithine decarboxylase homologous protein, is ubiquitin-dependent and is inhibited by antizyme. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:54097-102; PMID:15491992; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410234200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana C. Antizyme and antizyme inhibitor, a regulatory tango. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2479-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman RM, Mobascher A, Mangold U, Koike C, Diah S, Schmidt M, Finley D, Zetter BR. Antizyme targets cyclin D1 for degradation. A novel mechanism for cell growth repression. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41504-11; PMID:15277517; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M407349200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Li Y, Lin CH, Chan TH, Chow RK, Song Y, Liu M, Yuan YF, Fu L, Kong KL, et al. Recoding RNA editing of AZIN1 predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Med 2013; 19:209-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stellos K, Gatsiou A, Stamatelopoulos K, Perisic Matic L, John D, Lunella FF, Jaé N, Rossbach O, Amrhein C, Sigala F, et al. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing controls cathepsin S expression in atherosclerosis by enabling HuR-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Med 2016; 22:1140-50; PMID:27595325; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.4172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi GP, Sukhova GK, Kuzuya M, Ye Q, Du J, Zhang Y, Pan JH, Lu ML, Cheng XW, Iguchi A, et al. Deficiency of the cysteine protease cathepsin S impairs microvessel growth. Circ Res 2003; 92:493-500; PMID:12600886;http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000060485.20318.96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B, Sun J, Kitamoto S, Yang M, Grubb A, Chapman HA, Kalluri R, Shi GP. Cathepsin S controls angiogenesis and tumor growth via matrix-derived angiogenic factors. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6020-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riese RJ, Mitchell RN, Villadangos JA, Shi GP, Palmer JT, Karp ER, De Sanctis GT, Ploegh HL, Chapman HA. Cathepsin S activity regulates antigen presentation and immunity. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2351-63; PMID:9616206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiser J, Adair B, Reinheckel T. Specialized roles for cysteine cathepsins in health and disease. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3421-31; PMID:20921628; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI42918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cenci C, Barzotti R, Galeano F, Corbelli S, Rota R, Massimi L, Di Rocco C, O'Connell MA, Gallo A. Down-regulation of RNA editing in pediatric astrocytomas: ADAR2 editing activity inhibits cell migration and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:7251-60; PMID:18178553; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M708316200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas S, Patt S, Schrey M, Rich A. Underediting of glutamate receptor GluR-B mRNA in malignant gliomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14687-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Q, Crews LA, Barrett CL, Chun HJ, Court AC, Isquith JM, Zipeto MA, Goff DJ, Minden M, Sadarangani A, et al. ADAR1 promotes malignant progenitor reprogramming in chronic myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:1041-6; PMID:23275297; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213021110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paz-Yaacov N, Bazak L, Buchumenski I, Porath HT, Danan-Gotthold M, Knisbacher BA, Eisenberg E, Levanon EY. Elevated RNA Editing Activity Is a Major Contributor to Transcriptomic Diversity in Tumors. Cell Rep 2015; 13:267-76; PMID:26440895; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han L, Diao L, Yu S, Xu X, Li J, Zhang R, Yang Y, Werner HM, Eterovic AK, Yuan Y, et al. The Genomic Landscape and Clinical Relevance of A-to-I RNA Editing in Human Cancers. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:515-28; PMID:26439496; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2015.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumagalli D, Gacquer D, Rothe F, Lefort A, Libert F, Brown D, Kheddoumi N, Shlien A, Konopka T, Salgado R, et al. Principles Governing A-to-I RNA Editing in the Breast Cancer Transcriptome. Cell reports 2015; 13:277-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappinelli KB, Strissel PL, Desrichard A, Li H, Henke C, Akman B, Hein A, Rote NS, Cope LM, Snyder A, et al. Inhibiting DNA Methylation Causes an Interferon Response in Cancer via dsRNA Including Endogenous Retroviruses. Cell 2016; 164:1073; PMID:27064190; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo R, Kaelin K, Baczko K, Billeter MA. Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein. Cell 1989; 56:759-64; PMID:2924348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo R, Schmid A, Eschle D, Baczko K, ter Meulen V, Billeter MA. Biased hypermuation and other genetic changes in defective measles viruses in human brain infections. Cell 1988; 55:255-65; PMID:3167982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel CE. Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are both antiviral and proviral. Virology 2011; 411:180-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Miyakoda M, Yang W, Khillan J, Stachura DL, Weiss MJ, Nishikura K. Stress-induced apoptosis associated with null mutation of ADAR1 RNA editing deaminase gene. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:4952-61; PMID:14613934; http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M310162200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartner JC, Schmittwolf C, Kispert A, Muller AM, Higuchi M, Seeburg PH. Liver disintegration in the mouse embryo caused by deficiency in the RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:4894-902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XJ, He PP, Li M, He CD, Yan KL, Cui Y, Yang S, Zhang KY, Gao M, Chen JJ, et al. Seven novel mutations of the ADAR gene in Chinese families and sporadic patients with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH). Hum Mutat 2004; 23:629-30; PMID:15146470; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.9246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tojo K, Sekijima Y, Suzuki T, Suzuki N, Tomita Y, Yoshida K, Hashimoto T, Ikeda S. Dystonia, mental deterioration, and dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria in a family with ADAR1 mutation. Mov Disord 2006; 21:1510-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice GI, Kasher PR, Forte GM, Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Szynkiewicz M, Dickerson JE, Bhaskar SS, Zampini M, Briggs TA, et al. Mutations in ADAR1 cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome associated with a type I interferon signature. Nat Genetics 2012; 44:1243-8; PMID:23001123; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.2414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi O, Akira S. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 2010; 140:805-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T, Shinobu N, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Akira S, Fujita T. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:730-7; PMID:15208624; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang DC, Gopalkrishnan RV, Wu Q, Jankowsky E, Pyle AM, Fisher PB. mda-5: An interferon-inducible putative RNA helicase with double-stranded RNA-dependent ATPase activity and melanoma growth-suppressive properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:637-42; PMID:11805321; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.022637199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satoh T, Kato H, Kumagai Y, Yoneyama M, Sato S, Matsushita K, Tsujimura T, Fujita T, Akira S, Takeuchi O. LGP2 is a positive regulator of RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated antiviral responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1512-7; PMID:20080593; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912986107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlee M, Roth A, Hornung V, Hagmann CA, Wimmenauer V, Barchet W, Coch C, Janke M, Mihailovic A, Wardle G, et al. Recognition of 5′ triphosphate by RIG-I helicase requires short blunt double-stranded RNA as contained in panhandle of negative-strand virus. Immunity 2009; 31:25-34; PMID:19576794; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu B, Peisley A, Richards C, Yao H, Zeng X, Lin C, Chu F, Walz T, Hur S. Structural basis for dsRNA recognition, filament formation, and antiviral signal activation by MDA5. Cell 2013; 152:276-89; PMID:23273991; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Matsui K, Uematsu S, Jung A, Kawai T, Ishii KJ, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006; 441:101-5; PMID:16625202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loo YM, Fornek J, Crochet N, Bajwa G, Perwitasari O, Martinez-Sobrido L, Akira S, Gill MA, García-Sastre A, Katze MG, et al. Distinct RIG-I and MDA5 signaling by RNA viruses in innate immunity. J Virol 2008; 82:335-45; PMID:17942531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalinski E, Lunardi T, McCarthy AA, Louber J, Brunel J, Grigorov B, Gerlier D, Cusack S. Structural basis for the activation of innate immune pattern-recognition receptor RIG-I by viral RNA. Cell 2011; 147:423-35; PMID:22000019; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo D, Ding SC, Vela A, Kohlway A, Lindenbach BD, Pyle AM. Structural insights into RNA recognition by RIG-I. Cell 2011; 147:409-22; PMID:22000018; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Chen J, Xu H, Liu S, Jiang QX, Halfmann R, Chen ZJ. Prion-like polymerization underlies signal transduction in antiviral immune defense and inflammasome activation. Cell 2014; 156:1207-22; PMID:24630723; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Young R, Cox S, Brindle J, Read D, Nellåker C, Vesely C, Ponting CP, McLaughlin PJ, et al. The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 controls innate immune responses to RNA. Cell reports 2014; 9:1482-94; PMID:25456137; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestal K, Funk CC, Snyder JM, Price ND, Treuting PM, Stetson DB. Isoforms of RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Independently Control Nucleic Acid Sensor MDA5-Driven Autoimmunity and Multi-organ Development. Immunity 2015; 43:933-44; PMID:26588779; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddicoat BJ, Piskol R, Chalk AM, Ramaswami G, Higuchi M, Hartner JC, Li JB, Seeburg PH, Walkley CR. RNA editing by ADAR1 prevents MDA5 sensing of endogenous dsRNA as nonself. Science 2015; 349:1115-20; PMID:26275108; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aac7049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liddicoat BJ, Chalk AM, Walkley CR. ADAR1, inosine and the immune sensing system: distinguishing self from non-self. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA 2016; 7:157-72; PMID:26692549; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrangou R, Doudna JA. Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and beyond. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:933-41; PMID:27606440; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montiel-Gonzalez MF, Vallecillo-Viejo I, Yudowski GA, Rosenthal JJ. Correction of mutations within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by site-directed RNA editing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18285-90; PMID:24108353; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306243110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montiel-Gonzalez MF, Vallecillo-Viejo IC, Rosenthal JJ. An efficient system for selectively altering genetic information within mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:e157; PMID:27557710; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafforst T, Schneider MF. An RNA-deaminase conjugate selectively repairs point mutations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11166-9; PMID:23038402; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel P, Schneider MF, Wettengel J, Stafforst T. Improving site-directed RNA editing in vitro and in cell culture by chemical modification of the guideRNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6267-71; PMID:24890431; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanswillemenke A, Kuzdere T, Vogel P, Jekely G, Stafforst T. Site-Directed RNA Editing in Vivo Can Be Triggered by the Light-Driven Assembly of an Artificial Riboprotein. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15875-81; PMID:26594902; http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wettengel J, Reautschnig P, Geisler S, Kahle PJ, Stafforst T. Harnessing human ADAR2 for RNA repair - Recoding a PINK1 mutation rescues mitophagy. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; PMID:27907896; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heep M, Mach P, Reautschnig P, Wettengel J, Stafforst T. Applying Human ADAR1p110 and ADAR1p150 for Site-Directed RNA Editing-G/C Substitution Stabilizes GuideRNAs against Editing. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E34; PMID:28098820; http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes8010034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geula S, Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Dominissini D, Mansour AA, Kol N, Salmon-Divon M, Hershkovitz V, Peer E, Mor N, Manor YS, et al. Stem cells. m6A mRNA methylation facilitates resolution of naive pluripotency toward differentiation. Science 2015; 347:1002-6; PMID:25569111; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1261417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominissini D, Nachtergaele S, Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Peer E, Kol N, Ben-Haim MS, Dai Q, Di Segni A, Salmon-Divon M, Clark WC, et al. The dynamic N(1)-methyladenosine methylome in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature 2016; 530:441-6; PMID:26863196; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidyanathan PP, AlSadhan I, Merriman DK, Al-Hashimi H, Herschlag D. Pseudouridine and N-6 methyladenosine modifications weaken PUF protein/RNA interactions. RNA 2017; PMID:28138061; http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.060053.116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karijolich J, Yu YT. Converting nonsense codons into sense codons by targeted pseudouridylation. Nature 2011; 474:395-8; PMID:21677757; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar