Hip-Hop Can Heal: Addressing Mental Health through Hip-Hop in the Urban Classroom

References

• Abdul-Adil, J. K. (2014). Modern rap music: Mining the melodies for mental health resources. Journal of Youth Development, 9(2), 149–152 doi:10.5195/JYD.2014.66
   Google Scholar
• Adjapong, E. (2019). Towards a practice of emancipation in urban schools: A look at student experiences through the science genius battles program. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(1), 15–27. doi:10.29333/ejecs/136
   Google Scholar
• Adjapong, E. S. (2017). Bridging theory and practice in the urban science classroom: A framework for hip-hop pedagogy in STEM. Critical Education, 8, 15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjapong, E. S., & Emdin, C. (2015). Rethinking pedagogy in urban spaces: Implementing Hip-hop pedagogy in the urban science classroom. Journal of Urban Learning, Teaching, and Research, 11, 66–77.
   Google Scholar
• Aguayo, D. (2019). Dismantling racism in public schools using critical race theory and Whiteness studies.
   Google Scholar
• Alim, H. S. (2011). Global ill-literacies: Hip hop cultures, youth identities, and the politics of literacy. Review of Research in Education, 35(1), 120–146 doi:10.3102/0091732X10383208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American School Counselor Association. (2019). ASCA School Counselor Professional Standards & Competencies. Alexandria, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Amerikaner, A. (2020, February.20). Funding gaps 2018. The Education Trust. Retrieved from edtrust.org/resource/funding-gaps–2018/.
   Google Scholar
• Amidon, J. (2013). Teaching mathematics as agape: Responding to oppression with unconditional love. Journal of Urban Mathematics Education, 6(1), 19–27.
   Google Scholar
• Anyon, Y., Lechuga, C., Ortega, D., Downing, B., Greer, E., & Simmons, J. (2018). An exploration of the relationships between student racial background and the school sub-contexts of office discipline referrals: A critical race theory analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(3), 390–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, S. N., & Ricard, R. J. (2016). Integrating rap music into counseling with adolescents in a disciplinary alternative education program. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 11(3–4), 423–435. doi:10.1080/15401383.2016.1214656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association, A. P. (2019). Americans becoming more open about mental health. Retrieved from: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/apa-mental-health-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1453–1463. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, J. A. (2011). I mix what I like!: A mixtape manifesto. AK Press.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Park, E. R. (2005). Cultural competence and health care disparities: Key perspectives and trends. Health Affairs, 24(2), 499–505. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betters-Bubon, J., Brunner, T., & Kansteiner, A. (2016). Success for all? The role of the school counselor in creating and sustaining culturally responsive positive behavior interventions and supports programs. The Professional Counselor, 6(3), 263–277. doi:10.15241/jbb.6.3.263
   Google Scholar
• Bradt, J., Dileo, C., & Potvin, N. (2013). Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1(12).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro, R. A. (1974). The power broker: Robert Moses and the fall of New York. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Carsley, D., & Heath, N. L. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of a mindfulness coloring activity for test anxiety in children. The Journal of Educational Research, 112(2), 143–151. doi:10.1080/00220671.2018.1448749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, J. (2005). Can’t Stop Won’t Stop: A History of the hip hop Generation. New York: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Childs, D. J. (2014). “Let's talk about race”: Exploring racial stereotypes using popular culture in social studies classrooms. The Social Studies, 105(6), 291–300 doi:10.1080/00377996.2014.948607
   Google Scholar
• Cook, T., Roy, A. R., & Welker, K. M. (2019). Music as an emotion regulation strategy: An examination of genres of music and their roles in emotion regulation. Psychology of Music, 47(1), 144–154. doi:10.1177/0305735617734627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creedon, T. B., & Cook, B. L. (2016). Access to mental health care increased but not for substance use, while disparities remain. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1017–1021. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, A., Averett, P., Scott Glass, J., Dotson-Blake, K. P., Grissom, S. E., Ficken, D. K., & Holmes, J. A. (2016). Mental health stigma: Personal and cultural impacts on attitudes. Journal of Counselor Practice, 7(2), 97–119.
   Google Scholar
• Dingle, G., Sharman, L., & Larwood, J. (2018). Young people’s uses of music for emotional immersion. In McFerran, K., Derrington, P., & Saarikallio, S. (Eds.), Handbook of music, adolescents, and wellbeing. USA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Emdin, C. (2010). Affiliation and alienation: Hip hop, rap, and urban science education. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 42(1), 1–25. doi:10.1080/00220270903161118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdin, C., Adjapong, E., & Levy, I. (2016). Hip-hop based interventions as pedagogy/therapy in STEM. Journal for Multicultural Education, 10, 307–321. doi:10.1108/JME-03-2016-0023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, E. L. (2014). Schooling hip-hop: Expanding hip-hop based education across the curriculum. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortuna, L. R., Porche, M. V., & Padilla, A. (2018). A treatment development study of a cognitive and mindfulness‐based therapy for adolescents with co‐occurring post‐traumatic stress and substance use disorder. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(1), 42–62. doi:10.1111/papt.12143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M., Burnstein, E. T., & Oliver, W. (2018). How affordable housing providers can boost residents’ economic mobility. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, J., & Gee, J. P. (2007). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Geipel, J., Koenig, J., Hillecke, T. K., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2018). Music-based interventions to reduce internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 225, 647–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilhooly, T., Bergman, A. J., Stieber, J., & Brown, E. J. (2018). Post traumatic stress disorder symptoms, family environment, and substance abuse symptoms in emerging adults. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 27(3), 196–209. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2018.1446861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, E. D. (2004). The Bronx: A history. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• González, N., Moll, L. C., & Amanti, C. (Eds). (2006). Funds of knowledge: Theorizing practices in households, communities, and classrooms. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hallett, R. E., & Venegas, K. M. (2011). Is increased access enough? Advanced placement courses, quality, and success in low-income urban schools. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 34(3), 468–487. doi:10.1177/016235321103400305
   Google Scholar
• Harris Poll, J. E. D. (2015). The Steve fund. Understanding mental health challenges students face on today’s college campuses. Harris Poll.
   Google Scholar
• Hooton, C. (2015). Hip-hop is the most listened to genre in the world, according to spotify analysis of 20 billion tracks. The Independent, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, M., Kiecolt, K. J., Keith, V. M., & Demo, D. H. (2015). Racial identity and well-being among African Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(1), 25–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull, G. A., & Schultz, K. (Eds). (2002). School’s out: Bridging out-of-school literacies with classroom practice (Vol. 60). New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Bonnet, K., Feller, S., Nagaran, K., Puffer, M., & Kataoka, S. (2018). Voices from Minority Youth on Help-Seeking and Barriers to Mental Health Services: Partnering with School-Based Health Centers. Ethnicity & disease, 28(2), 437–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley, H. M., Cunningham, T., & Branscome, J. (2015). Reflective journaling with at-risk students. Vistas Online. 9.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, C. M., Jorm, A. F., & Wright, A. (2007). Improving mental health literacy as a strategy to facilitate early intervention for mental disorders. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(S7), S26–S30. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01332.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, L. L. (2013). Hip-hop literature: The politics, poetics, and power of hip-hop in the English classroom. English Journal, 51–56.
   Google Scholar
• Knopp, S. (2012). Schools, Marxism, and liberation. In S. Knopp & J. Bale (Eds.), Education and capitalism: Struggles for learning and liberation (pp. pp. 9–40). Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kobin, C., & Tyson, E. (2006). Thematic analysis of hip-hop music: Can hip-hop in therapy facilitate empathic connections when working with clients in urban settings?. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 33(4), 343–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladson-Billings, G. (1994). Who will teach our children: Preparing teachers to successfully teach African American students. Teaching diverse Populations: Formulating a knowledge base, 129–142.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, N. M., & Veldorale-Brogan, A. (2013). Gratitude intervention in adolescence and young adulthood. In Proctor, C. , & Linley, P. A. (Eds.), Research, applications, and interventions for children and adolescents: A positive psychology perspective (pp. 117–128). Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, I. (2012). Hip hop and spoken word therapy with urban youth. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 25(4), 219–224. doi:10.1080/08893675.2012.736182
   Google Scholar
• Levy, I. (2019). Hip-hop and spoken word therapy in urban school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 22(1b), 2156759 × 1983443. doi:10.1177/2156759X19834436
   Google Scholar
• Levy, I., Cook, A. L., & Emdin, C. (2018). Remixing the School Counselor’s tool kit: Hip-hop spoken word therapy and YPAR. Professional School Counseling, 22(1), 2156759 × 18800285. doi:10.1177/2156759X18800285
   Google Scholar
• Levy, I., Emdin, C., & Adjapong, E. S. (2018). Hip-hop cypher in group work. Social Work with Groups, 41(1–2), 103–110. doi:10.1080/01609513.2016.1275265
   Google Scholar
• Levy, I., & Keum, B. T. (2014). Hip-hop emotional exploration in men. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 27(4), 217–223. doi:10.1080/08893675.2014.949528
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey, M. A., Chambers, K., Pohle, C., Beall, P., & Lucksted, A. (2013). Understanding the behavioral determinants of mental health service use by urban, under-resourced black youth: adolescent and caregiver perspectives. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 107–121. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9668-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsey, M. A., Joe, S., & Nebbitt, V. (2010). Family matters: The role of mental health stigma and social support on depressive symptoms and subsequent help seeking among African American Boys. Journal of Black Psychology, 36(4), 458–482. doi:10.1177/0095798409355796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love, B. L. (2014). Urban storytelling: how storyboarding, moviemaking, and Hip-Hop-based education can promote Students’ critical voice. English Journal, 103(5), 53–58.
   Google Scholar
• Lyiscott, J. (2017). Racial identity and liberation literacies in the classroom. English Journal, 106(4), 47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Malla, A., Iyer, S., McGorry, P., Cannon, M., Coughlan, H., Singh, S., … Joober, R. (2016). From early intervention in psychosis to youth mental health reform: A review of the evolution and transformation of mental health services for young people. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 319–326. doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1165-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, K., & Andreen, K. (2013). School counselors’ involvement with a school-wide positive behavior support intervention: Addressing student behavior issues in a proactive and positive manner. Professional School Counseling, 16(5), 2156759 × 1201600504. doi:10.1177/2156759X1201600504
   Google Scholar
• Mau, W. C. J., Li, J., & Hoetmer, K. (2016). Transforming high school counseling: Counselors’ roles, practices, and expectations for students’ success. Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 6(2), 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Meador, D. (2019). 7 factors that make teaching so challenging. January 7, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/factors-that-make-teaching-challenging-and-hard-403589.
   Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National comorbidity study-adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swendsen, J., Avenevoli, S., Case, B., … Olfson, M. (2011). Service utilization for lifetime mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results of the National comorbidity survey adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(1), 32–45. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, E. (2004). Becoming critical researchers: Literacy and empowerment for urban youth (Vol. 227). Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, E., & Duncan-Andrade, J. M. (2002). Promoting academic literacy with urban youth through engaging hip-hop culture. English Journal, 88–92.
   Google Scholar
• Moses, C. (2019). Overcoming creative resistance, and moving toward ideal self. Self-reflective journaling: A practice for achieving self-understanding and acceptance.
   Google Scholar
• Noguera, P. A. (2003). The trouble with Black boys: The role and influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic performance of African American males. Urban Education, 38, 431–459. doi:10.1177/0042085903038004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, M. R., Israel, B. A., Song, P. X., Hao, W., TerHaar, L., Tariq, M., & Lichtenstein, R. (2019). Insuring good health: outcomes and acceptability of a participatory health insurance literacy intervention in diverse urban communities. Health Education & Behavior, 46(3), 494–505. doi:10.1177/1090198119831060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petchauer, E. (2009). Framing and reviewing hip-hop educational research. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 946–978. nnn doi:10.3102/0034654308330967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, T. (1994). Black noise: Rap music and black culture in contemporary America. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salimpoor, V. N., Benovoy, M., Larcher, K., Dagher, A., & Zatorre, R. J. (2011). Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipating and experience of peak emotion to music. Nature Neuroscience, 09(January), Published online, 2011. doi:10.1038/nn.2726
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, Y. M., Lambert, S. F., & Cooley-Strickland, M. (2013). Adverse life events, coping and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in urban African American youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(1), 38–47. doi:10.1007/s10826-012-9590-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago, C. D., Brewer, S. K., Fuller, A. K., Torres, S. A., Papadakis, J. L., & Ros, A. M. (2016). Stress, coping, and mood among Latino adolescents: A daily diary study. Journal of Research on Adolescence. doi:10.1111/jora.12294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2017). Social and emotional learning and teachers. The Future of Children, 27(1), 137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Kitil, M. J., & Hanson-Peterson, J. (2017). To reach the Students, teach the Teachers: A national scan of teacher preparation and social & emotional learning. A report prepared for CASEL. Collaborative for academic, social, and emotional learning.
   Google Scholar
• Schupp, K. (2019). Dance competition culture and commercial dance: Intertwined aesthetics, values, and practices. Journal of Dance Education, 19(2), 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, R. M., Caldwell, C. H., Schmeelk-Cone, K. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2003). Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 302–317. doi:10.2307/1519781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelemy, L., Harvey, K., & Waite, P. (2019). Supporting students’ mental health in schools: What do teachers want and need? Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 24(1), 100–116. doi:10.1080/13632752.2019.1582742
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stovall, D. (2006). We can relate: Hip-hop culture, critical pedagogy, and the secondary classroom. Urban Education, 41(6), 585–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao, K. W., Owen, J., Pace, B. T., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). A meta-analysis of multicultural competencies and psychotherapy process and outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 337–350. doi:10.1037/cou0000086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne, E., Christ, K., & Greene, K. (2019). Agents of change: Promoting mental health and connectedness through participatory action research in high school classrooms. In APHA’s 2019 Annual Meeting and Expo (Nov. 2-6). Philadelphia, PA: American Public Health Association.
   Google Scholar
• Tillman, D. A. (2016). Learning from the College Dropout: Depictions of Numeracy and Mathematics within Hip Hop Music. J. Math. Educ, 9, 53–71.
   Google Scholar
• Travis, R., & Deepak, A. (2011). Empowerment in Context: Lessons from Hip-Hop Culture for Social Work Practice. Journal of ethnic and cultural diversity in social work, 20(3), 203–222.
   Google Scholar
• Travis, R., Gann, E., Crooke, Alexander H. D.., & Jenkins, S. M. (2019). Hip Hop, empowerment, and therapeutic beat-making: Potential solutions for summer learning loss, depression, and anxiety in youth. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(6), 744–765.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, E. H. (2002). Hip hop therapy: An exploratory study of a rap music intervention with at-risk and delinquent youth. Journal of Poetry Therapy, 15(3), 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, E. H. (2003). Rap music in social work practice with African American and Latino youth: A conceptual model with practical applications. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment, 15, 131–144.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health. (2017). Mental Illness. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration. (2017). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2016 National survey on drug use and health. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR1-2016/NSDUH-FFR1-2016.pdf-PDF
   Google Scholar
• Utley, A., & Garza, Y. (2011). The therapeutic use of journaling with adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 6(1), 29–41. doi:10.1080/15401383.2011.557312
   Google Scholar
• Viega, M. (2016). Exploring the discourse in hip hop and implications for music therapy practice. Music Therapy Perspectives, 34(2), 138–146. doi:10.1093/mtp/miv035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, R. (2019). Arts-based therapy group for urban youth. Special Topic: Social Work, Trauma, and the Arts Summer 2019 Course Anthology Bryn Mawr College Graduate School of Social Work and Social Research, 128.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, T. D. (2019). Book review: Communities and crime: An enduring American challenge. International Criminal Justice Review, 29(2), 209–211
   Google Scholar
• Washington, A. R. (2018). Integrating Hip Hop culture and rap music into social justice counseling with Black males. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(1), 97–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Domitrovich, C. E., & Gullotta, T. P. (2015). Social and emotional learning: Past, present, and future. In J. A. Durlak, C. E. Domitrovich, R. P. Weissberg, & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Handbook of social and emotional learning: Research and practice (pp. 3–19). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wiest, C., & Lee, C. (2019). Mental health considerations and options for schools. In Editor Aefsky, F (Ed.), Can we ensure safe schools?: A collaborative guide on focused strategies for school safety (pp. 61). USA: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer Gembeck, M. J. (2016). Peer rejection, victimization, and relational self system processes in adolescence: Toward a transactional model of stress, coping, and developing sensitivities. Child Development Perspectives, 10(2), 122–127. doi:10.1111/cdep.12174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar