Pathogenic Role of Environmental Toxins in Immune-Mediated Liver Diseases

REFERENCES

• Ala A., Stanca C. M., Bu-Ghanim M., Ahmado I., Branch A. D., Schiano T. D., Odin J. A., Bach N. Increased prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis near Superfund toxic waste sites. Hepatology 2006; 43: 525–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert D. A., Albert A. N., Vernace M., Sebastian J. K., Hsia E. C. Analysis of a cluster of cases of Wegener granulomatosis. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 2005; 11: 188–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro-Moreno E., Nawrot T. S., Nemmar A., Nemery B. Particulate matter in the environment: Pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2007; 13: 98–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand A. C., Elias E., Neuberger J. M. End-stage primary biliary cirrhosis in a first generation migrant south Asian population. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 1996; 8: 663–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bambha K., Kim W. R., Talwalkar J., Torgerson H., Benson J. T., Therneau T. M., Loftus E. V., Jr., Yawn B. P., Dickson E. R., Melton L. J., 3rd. Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcomes of primary sclerosing cholangitis in a United States community. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1364–1369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedossa P., Houry S., Bacci J., Martin E., Lemaigre G., Huguier M. A longitudinal study of histologic and immunohistologic changes in an experimental model of sclerosing cholangitis. Virch. Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 1989; 414: 165–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergquist A., Glaumann H., Persson B., Broome U. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: A case-control study. Hepatology 1998; 27: 311–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuers U., Rust C. Overlap syndromes. Semin Liver Dis. 2005; 25: 311–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco P. G., Zaman M. M., Junaidi O., Sheth S., Yantiss R. K., Nasser I. A., Freedman S. D. Induction of colitis in cftr−/− mice results in bile duct injury. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2004; 287: G491–496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boberg K. M., Lundin K. E., Schrumpf E. Etiology and pathogenesis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1994; 204: 47–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boomkens S. Y., de Rave S., Pot R. G., Egberink H. F., Penning L. C., Rothuizen J., Zondervan P. E., Kusters J. G. The role of Helicobacter spp. in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2005; 44: 221–225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouillon R., Verlinden L., Eelen G., De Clercq P., Vandewalle M., Mathieu C., Verstuyf A. Mechanisms for the selective action of Vitamin D analogs. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2005; 97: 21–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffler P. A., Crane M., Key M. M. Possibilities of detecting health effects by studies of populations exposed to chemicals from waste disposal sites. Environ. Health Perspect. 1985; 62: 423–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmaster D. E., von Stackelberg K. Using Monte Carlo simulations in public health risk assessments: Estimating and presenting full distributions of risk. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1991; 1: 491–512
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantorna M. T., Mahon B. D. Mounting evidence for vitamin D as an environmental factor affecting autoimmune disease prevalence. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2004; 229: 1136–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter D. O., Shen Y., Nguyen T., Le L., Lininger L. L. Incidence of endocrine disease among residents of New York areas of concern. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001; 109(S6)845–851
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen S., Nguyen N., Tamura K., Karin M., Tukey R. H. The role of the Ah receptor and p38 in benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol and benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 19526–19533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotrim H. P., Andrade Z. A., Parana R., Portugal M., Lyra L. G., Freitas L. A. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A toxic liver disease in industrial workers. Liver 1999; 19: 299–304
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotrim H. P., De Freitas L. A., Freitas C., Braga L., Sousa R., Carvalho F., Parana R., Santos-Jesus R., Andrade Z. Clinical and histopathological features of NASH in workers exposed to chemicals with or without associated metabolic conditions. Liver Int 2004; 24: 131–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayal H., Gupta S., Trieff N., Maierson D., Reich D. Symptom clusters in a community with chronic exposure to chemicals in two superfund sites. Arch. Environ. Health 1995; 50: 108–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durant J. L., Chen J., Hemond H. F., Thilly W. G. Elevated incidence of childhood leukemia in Woburn, Massachusetts: NIEHS Superfund Basic Research Program searches for causes. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995; 103(S6)93–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escorsell A., Pares A., Rodes J., Solis-Herruzo J. A., Miras M., de la Morena E. Epidemiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis in Spain. Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver. J. Hepatol. 1994; 21: 787–791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezendam J., Kosterman K., Spijkerboer H., Bleumink R., Hassing I., van Rooijen N., Vos J. G., Pieters R. Macrophages are involved in hexachlorobenzene-induced adverse immune effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005; 209: 19–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan L., Tu X., Zhu Y., Zhou L., Pfeiffer T., Feltens R., Stoecker W., Zhong R. Genetic association of Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in the Chinese. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 20: 249–255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feld J. J., Heathcote E. J. Epidemiology of autoimmune liver disease. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003; 18: 1118–1128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallegos-Orozco J. F., Yurk C. E., Wang N., Rakela J., Charlton M. R., Cutting G. R., Balan V. Lack of association of common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005; 100: 874–878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz M., Lehr H. A., Neurath M. F., Galle P. R., Orth T. Long-term evaluation of a rat model of chronic cholangitis resembling human primary sclerosing cholangitis. Scand. J. Immunol. 2003; 58: 533–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossard A. A., Angulo P., Lindor K. D. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: A comparison to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2005; 100: 1330–1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick M. F. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 80: 1678S–1688S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houry S., Languille O., Huguier M., Benhamou J. P., Belghiti J., Msika S. Sclerosing cholangitis induced by formaldehyde solution injected into the biliary tree of rats. Arch. Surg. 1990; 125: 1059–1061
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jandacek R. J., Tso P. Factors affecting the storage and excretion of toxic lipophilic xenobiotics. Lipids 2001; 36: 1289–1305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson B. L., DeRosa C. The toxicologic hazard of superfund hazardous-waste sites. Rev. Environ. Health 1997; 12: 235–251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson P. J., McFarlane I. G. Meeting report: International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. Hepatology 1993; 18: 998–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones D. E., Donaldson P. T. Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin. Liver Dis. 2003; 7: 841–864
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karagas M. R., Stukel T. A., Tosteson T. D. Assessment of cancer risk and environmental levels of arsenic in New Hampshire. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2002; 205: 85–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga H., Sakisaka S., Yoshitake M., Harada M., Kumemura H., Hanada S., Taniguchi E., Kawaguchi T., Kumashiro R., Sata M. Abnormal accumulation in lipopolysac-charide in biliary epithelial cells of rats with self-filling blind loop. Int. J. Mol. Med. 2002; 9: 621–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaridis K. N., Juran B. D., Boe G. M., Slusser J. P., de Andrade M, Homburger H. A., Ghosh K., Dickson E. R., Lindor K. D., Petersen G. M. Increased prevalence of anti-mitochondrial antibodies in first-degree relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 785–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtman S. N., Keku J., Clark R. L., Schwab J. H., Sartor R. B. Biliary tract disease in rats with experimental small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Hepatology 1991; 13: 766–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minuk G. Y., Rascanin N., Paul R. W., Lee P. W., Buchan K., Kelly J. K. Reovirus type 3 infection in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. J. Hepatol. 1987; 5: 8–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell S. A., Thyssen M., Orchard T. R., Jewell D. P., Fleming K. A., Chapman R. W. Cigarette smoking, appendectomy, and tonsillectomy as risk factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a case control study. Gut 2002; 51: 567–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonomura A., Kono N., Minato H., Nakanuma Y. Diffuse biliary tract involvement mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis in an experimental model of chronic graft-versus-host disease in mice. Pathol. Int. 1998; 48: 421–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli-Magnus C., Kerb R., Fattinger K., Lang T., Anwald B., Kullak-Ublick G. A., Beuers U., Meier P. J. BSEP and MDR3 haplotype structure in healthy Caucasians, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2004; 39: 779–791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponsonby A. L., McMichael A., van der Mei I. Ultraviolet radiation and autoimmune disease: Insights from epidemiological research. Toxicology 2002; 181: 71–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince M. I., Chetwynd A., Diggle P., Jarner M., Metcalf J. V., James O. F. The geographical distribution of primary biliary cirrhosis in a well-defined cohort. Hepatology 2001; 34: 1083–1088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh J., Kang J. S., Yang K. H., Kaminski N. E. Antagonism of aryl hydrocarbon receptordependent induction of CYP1A1 and inhibition of IgM expression by di-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003; 187: 11–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takikawa H. Recent status of primary sclerosing cholangitis in Japan. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 1999; 6: 352–355
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tjandra K., Sharkey K. A., Swain M. G. Progressive development of a TH1-type hepatic cytokine profile in rats with experimental cholangitis. Hepatology 2000; 31: 280–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vezina C. M., Walker N. J., Olson J. R. Subchronic exposure to TCDD, PeCDF, PCB126, and PCB153: Effect on hepatic gene expression. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004; 112: 1636–1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel A., Strassburg C. P., Manns M. P. Genetic association of Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2002; 35: 126–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warshawsky D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carcinogenesis. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999; 107: 317–319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson R. G., Angus P. W., Dewar M., Goss B., Sewell R. B., Smallwood R. A. Low prevalence of primary biliary cirrhosis in Victoria, Australia. Melbourne Liver Group. Gut 1995; 36: 927–930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson D. M., Henry J. P. Challenges in addressing community concerns regarding clusters of multiple sclerosis and potential environmental exposures. Neuroepidemiology 2004; 23: 211–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R. NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of a chemical mixture of 25 groundwater contaminants administered in drinking water to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Toxic. Rep. Ser. 1993; 35: 1–I12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar