Publication Cover
LEUKOS
The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society
Volume 14, 2018 - Issue 3
1,924
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Review of Factors Influencing Discomfort Glare Perception from Daylight

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 111-148 | Received 28 Nov 2016, Accepted 12 Jan 2018, Published online: 22 Feb 2018

References

  • Akashi Y, Asano S, Kakuta Y, Fujita T. 2013. Visual mechanisms of discomfort glare sensation caused by leds. CIE Centenary Conference. Paris, France. April 12–19, 2013.
  • Akashi Y, Kojima S, Aoki T, Inatani M. 2017. Ageing effects on discomfort glare sensation and their mechanisms. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Altomonte S, Kent MG, Tregenza PR, Wilson R. 2016a. Task difficulty, temporal variables and glare response. PLEA 2016. Los Angeles, USA. July 11- 13, 2016.
  • Altomonte S, Kent MG, Tregenza PR, Wilson R. 2016b. Visual task difficulty and temporal influences in glare response. Building and Environment. 95:209–226. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.021.
  • Aries MBC, Veitch JA, Newsham GR. 2010. Windows, view, and office characteristics predict physical and psychological discomfort. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 30(4):533–541. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.004.
  • Arranz I, Matesanz BM, Issolio L, Menendez JA, Mar S, Aparicio JA. 2014. Light adaptation in letter contrast sensitivity: The influence of optical and neural mechanisms. Lighting Research & Technology. 46:476–488. doi:10.1177/1477153513484633.
  • Bach M, Wesemann W, Kolling G, Buhren J, Krastel H, Schiefer U. 2008. Photopic contrast sensitivity. Local contrast perception. Ophthalmologe. 105(1): 46-48, 50–49. doi:10.1007/s00347-007-1605-y.
  • Bargary G, Furlan M, Raynham PJ, Barbur JL, Smith AT. 2015. Cortical hyperexcitability and sensitivity to discomfort glare. Neuropsychologia. 69:194–200. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.006.
  • Bellia L, Cesarano A, Iuliano GF, Spada G. 2008. Daylight glare: A review of discomfort indexes. Visual quality and energy efficiency in indoor lighting: today for tomorrow, international workshop. Rome, Italy. March 31-April 02, 2008.
  • Bennett CA. 1977. The demographic variables of discomfort glare. Lighting Design and Application. 7:22–24.
  • Berman SM, Bullimore MA, Bailey IL, Jacobs RJ. 1995. The influence of spectral composition on discomfort glare for large-size sources. The 1995 IESNA Annual Conference. New York, USA. July 30-August 02, 1995. doi:10.1080/00994480.1996.10748131.
  • Borisuit A, Linhart F, Scartezzini JL, Münch M. 2015. Effects of realistic office daylighting and electric lighting conditions on visual comfort, alertness and mood. Lighting Research & Technology. 47(2):192–209. doi:10.1177/1477153514531518.
  • Boubekri M, Boyer LL. 1992. Effect of window size and sunlight presence on glare. Lighting Research & Technology. 24(2):69–74. doi:10.1177/096032719202400203.
  • Bourassa CM, Wirtschafter JD. 1966. Mechanism of binocular increase of discomfort to high luminance. Nature. 212:1503–1504.
  • Boyce PR. 2014. Human factors in lighting - third edition. Boca Raton, USA: Taylor & Francis Group. 690p.
  • Bühren J, Terzi E, Bach M, Wesemann W, Kohnen T. 2006. Measuring contrast sensitivity under different lighting conditions: Comparison of three tests. Optometry & Vision Science. 83(5):290–298. doi:1040-06/06/8305-0290/0.
  • Bullough JD. 2009. Spectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare. Journal of Modern Optics. 56(13):1518–1522. doi:10.1080/09500340903045710.
  • Bülow-Hübe H. 2008. Daylight in glazed office buildings - a comparative study of daylight availability, luminance and illuminance distribution for an office room with three different glass areas. Lund, Sweden: Lund University. No. EBD-R--08/17. 98p.
  • Cai H, Chung T. 2012. Evaluating discomfort glare from non-uniform electric light sources. Lighting Research & Technology. 45(3):267–294. doi:10.1177/1477153512453274.
  • Cantin F, Dubois M-C. 2011. Daylighting metrics based on illuminance, distribution, glare and directivity. Lighting Research & Technology. 43(3):291–307. doi:10.1177/1477153510393319.
  • Carlucci S, Causone F, De Rosa F, Pagliano L. 2015. A review of indices for assessing visual comfort with a view to their use in optimization processes to support building integrated design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 47:1016–1033. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.062.
  • CEN. 2011. Light and lighting - basic terms and criteria for specifying lighting requirements. Brussels, Belgium: Comité Européen de Normalisation. No. EN 12665:2011. 55p.
  • Chaiwiwatworakul P, Chirarattananon S, Rakkwamsuk P. 2009. Application of automated blind for daylighting in tropical region. Energy Conversion and Management. 50(12):2927–2943. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.07.008.
  • Chan Y-C, Tzempelikos A. 2013. Efficient venetian blind control strategies considering daylight utilization and glare protection. Solar Energy. 98(Part C):241-254. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2013.10.005.
  • Chauvel P, Collins JB, Dogniaux R, Longmore J. 1982. Glare from windows: Current views of the problem. Lighting Research & Technology. 14(1):31–46. doi:10.1177/096032718201400103.
  • Chen P-L, Liao C-H, Li H-C, Jou S-J, Chen H-T, Lin Y-H, Tang Y-H, Peng W-J, Kuo H-J, Sun P-L et al. 2015. A portable inspection system to estimate direct glare of various led modules. International Conference on Optical and Photonic Engineering. Singapore, Singapore. April 14–16, 2015. doi:10.1117/12.2189599.
  • Christoffersen J, Johnsen K, Petersen E, Valbjorn O, Hygge S. 2000. Windows and daylight - a post-occupancy evaluation of danish offices. Lighting 2000. York, UK. July 09- 11, 2000.
  • CIE. 1983. Discomfort glare in the interior working environment. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. No. 55:1983. 52p.
  • CIE. 1995. Discomfort glare in interior lighting. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. No. 117:1995. 41p.
  • CIE. 2014. Guidance towards best practice in psychophysical procedures used when measuring relative spatial brightness. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage. No. 212:2014. 65p.
  • Clear RD. 2013. Discomfort glare: What do we actually know? Lighting Research & Technology. 45(2):141–158. doi:10.1177/1477153512444527.
  • De Boer JB. 1967. Public lighting. London, UK: Cleaver-Hume. 693p.
  • Donners MAH, Vissenberg MCJM, Geerdinck LM, van den Broek-Cools JHF, Buddemeijer-Lock A. 2016. A psychophysical model of discomfort glare in both outdoor and indoor applications. CIE 2016 “ Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency”. Melbourne, Australia. March 3– 5, 2016.
  • Dubois M-C. 2001. Impact of shading devices on daylight quality in offices - simulations with radiance. Lund, Sweden: Lund University. No. TABK--01/3062. 162p.
  • Eble-Hankins ML. 2008. Subjective impression of discomfort glare from sources of non-uniform luminance [PhD dissertation]. [Lincoln, USA]: University of Nebraska (UNL). 385p.
  • Eble-Hankins ML, Waters CE. 2005. Vcp and ugr glare evaluation systems: A look back and a way forward. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 1(2):7–38. doi:10.1582/leukos.2004.01.02.001.
  • Eble-Hankins ML, Waters CE. 2009. Subjective impression of discomfort glare from sources of non-uniform luminance. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 6(1):51–77. doi:10.1582/LEUKOS.2009.06.01003.
  • Einhorn HD. 1969. A new method for the assessment of discomfort glare. Lighting Research & Technology. 1(4):235–247. doi:10.1177/14771535690010040201.
  • Einhorn HD. 1979. Discomfort glare: A formula to bridge differences. Lighting Research & Technology. 11(2):90–94. doi:10.1177/14771535790110020401.
  • Facchin A, Daini R, Zavagno D. 2017. The glare effect test and the impact of age on luminosity thresholds. Frontiers in Psychology. 8:1132. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01132.
  • Fekete J, Sik-Lanyi C, Schanda J. 2009. Spectral discomfort glare sensitivity investigations. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 29:1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00696.x.
  • Fisekis K, Davies M, Kolokotroni M, Langford P. 2003. Prediction of discomfort glare from windows. Lighting Research & Technology. 35(4):360–371. doi:10.1191/1365782803li095oa.
  • Flannagan MJ. 1999. Subjective and objective aspects of headlamp glare: Effects of size and spectral power distribution. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan. No. UMTRI-99-36. 19p.
  • Flannagan MJ, Weintraub DJ, Sivak M. 1990. Context effects on discomfort glare : Task and stimulus factors. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan. No. UMTRI-90-35. 30p.
  • Fotios S. 2015. Research note: Uncertainty in subjective evaluation of discomfort glare. Lighting Research & Technology. 47(3):379–383. doi:10.1177/1477153515574985.
  • Fotios S, Cheal C. 2010. Stimulus range bias explains the outcome of preferred-illuminance adjustments. Lighting Research & Technology. 42:433–447. doi:10.1177/1477153509356018.
  • Fotios S, Logadóttir Á, Cheal C, Christoffersen J. 2011. Using adjustment to define preferred illuminances: Do the results have any value? CIE 27th Session 2011. Sun City, South Africa. July 09–16, 2011.
  • Galasiu AD, Veitch JA. 2006. Occupant preferences and satisfaction with the luminous environment and control systems in daylit offices: A literature review. Energy and Buildings. 38(7):728–742. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.001.
  • Garland R. 1991. The mid-point on a rating scale: Is it desirable? Marketing Bulletin. 2(3):66–70.
  • Geerdinck LM. 2012. Glare perception in terms of acceptance and comfort [Master’s thesis]. [Eindhoven, The Netherlands]: Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE). 74p.
  • Geerdinck LM, Van Gheluwe JR, Vissenberg MCJM. 2014. Discomfort glare perception of non-uniform light sources in an office setting. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 39:5–13. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.04.002.
  • Gellatly AW, Weintraub DJ. 1990. User reconfigurations of the de boer rating scale for discomfort glare. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan. No. UMTRI-90-20. 23p.
  • Goovaerts C, Descamps F, Jacobs VA. 2017. Shading control strategy to avoid visual discomfort by using a low-cost camera: A field study of two cases. Building and Environment. 125:26–38. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.030.
  • Hansen P, Sarey Khanie M, Kuhn TE, Christoffersen J, Wienold J, Andersen M. 2016. Glare caused by contrast between task and immediate surround: An evaluation of luminance distribution in the field of view. CIE 2016 “ Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency”. Melbourne, Australia. March 3– 5, 2016.
  • Hellinga HI. 2013. Daylight and view - the influence of windows on the visual quality of indoor spaces [PhD dissertation]. [Delft, The Netherlands]: Technische Universiteit Delft (TUD). 376p.
  • Hilz R, Cavonius CR. 1974. Functional organization of the peripheral retina: Sensitivity to periodic stimuli. Vision Research. 14(12):1333–1337. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(74)90006-6.
  • Hirning MB, Isoardi GL, Cowling I. 2014. Discomfort glare in open plan green buildings. Energy and Buildings. 70:427–440. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.053.
  • Hirning MB, Isoardi GL, Coyne S, Garcia Hansen VR, Cowling I. 2013. Post occupancy evaluations relating to discomfort glare: A study of green buildings in brisbane. Building and Environment. 59:349–357. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.032.
  • Hirning MB, Isoardi GL, Garcia-Hansen VR. 2017. Prediction of discomfort glare from windows under tropical skies. Building and Environment. 113:107–120. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.005.
  • Hirning MB, Lim GH, Reimann GP. 2016. Discomfort glare in energy efficient buildings: A case study in the malaysian context. CIE 2016 “ Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency”. Melbourne, Australia. March 3– 5, 2016.
  • Hopkinson RG. 1956. Glare discomfort and pupil diameter. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 46(8):649–656. doi:10.1364/JOSA.46.000649
  • Hopkinson RG. 1957. Evaluation of glare. Illuminating Engineering. 52:329–336.
  • Hopkinson RG. 1971. Glare from windows - using the glare index in daylighting design. Construction Research Development. 3:23–28.
  • Hopkinson RG. 1972. Glare from daylighting in buildings. Applied Ergonomics. 3(4):206–215. doi:10.1016/0003-6870(72)90102-0.
  • Hopkinson RG, Petherbridge P, Longmore J. 1966. Daylighting. London, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. 640p.
  • Huang WJ, Yang Y, Ronnier Luo M. 2017. Discomfort glare caused by white leds having different spectral power distributions. Lighting Research & Technology. doi:10.1177/1477153517704996.
  • Huang YC, Wang T-H. 2016. Automatic calculation of a new china glare index. Building Simulation & Optimization 2016. Newcastle, UK. September 12- 14, 2016.
  • Inkarojrit V. 2005. Balancing comfort: Occupants’ control of window blinds in private offices [PhD dissertation]. [Berkeley, USA]: University of California (UC). 277p.
  • Inoue Y, Itoh K. 1989. Methodological study of dynamic evaluation for discomfort glare. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering. 398:9–19.
  • Iodice M, Jost S, Dumortier D, Gronfier C. 2017. An experimental protocol to objectively characterize discomfort glare using physiological measurements. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Iwata T, Imai M, Hagiwara H, Akiyama Y, Sekihara M. 2017a. Effects of task and views on discomfort glare from windows. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Iwata T, Kimura K-I, Shukuya M, Takano K. 1990. Discomfort caused by wide-source glare. Energy and Buildings. 15(3/4):391–398. doi:10.1016/0378-7788(90)90013-9.
  • Iwata T, Nagayoshi K, Osterhaus WKE. 2011a. Discomfort glare index for automated blind control. International Student Energy Summit 2011. Vancouver, Canada. June 09- 11, 2011.
  • Iwata T, Osterhaus W. 2010. Assessment of discomfort glare in daylit offices using luminance distribution images. CIE 2010 “Lighting Quality & Energy Efficiency”. Vienna, Austria. March 14–17, 2010.
  • Iwata T, Osterhaus WKE, Itoh HE. 2011b. Assessment of discomfort glare from windows with venetian blinds using luminance distribution images. CIE 27th Session 2011. Sun City, South Africa. July 09- 16, 2011.
  • Iwata T, Shukuya M, Somekawa N, Kimura K-i. 1992a. Experimental study on discomfort glare caused by windows: Subjective response to glare from a simulated window. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering. (432):21–33.
  • Iwata T, Taniguchi T, Sakuma R. 2017b. Automated blind control based on glare prevention with dimmable light in open-plan offices. Building and Environment. 113:232–246. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.08.034.
  • Iwata T, Tokura M. 1997. Position index for a glare source located below the line of vision. Lighting Research & Technology. 29:172–178. doi:10.1177/14771535970290030801.
  • Iwata T, Tokura M. 1998. Examination of the limitations of predicted glare sensation vote (pgsv) as a glare index for a large source: Towards a comprehensive development of discomfort glare evaluation. Lighting Research & Technology. 30(2):81–88. doi:10.1177/096032719803000205.
  • Iwata T, Tokura M, Shukuya M, Kimura K-i. 1992b. Experimental study on discomfort glare caused by windows: Subjective response to glare from actual windows. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering. (439):19–31.
  • Jakubiec JA, Reinhart CF. 2011. The ‘adaptive zone’ – a concept for assessing discomfort glare throughout daylit spaces. Lighting Research & Technology. 44:149–170. doi:10.1177/1477153511420097.
  • Jakubiec JA, Reinhart CF. 2016. A concept for predicting occupants’ long-term visual comfort within daylit spaces. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 12(4):185–202. doi:10.1080/15502724.2015.1090880.
  • Karwowski W. 2006. International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors - volume 1. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 3652p.
  • Kent M, Altomonte S, Tregenza P, Wilson R. 2015a. Time of day, temporal variables and personal factors in the subjective evaluation of glare sensation. PLEA 2015. Bologna, Italy. September 09- 11, 2015.
  • Kent M, Altomonte S, Tregenza PR, Wilson R. 2015b. Discomfort glare and time of day. Lighting Research & Technology. 47:641–657. doi:10.1177/1477153514547291.
  • Kent M, Altomonte S, Tregenza PR, Wilson R. 2015c. Temporal variables and personal factors in glare sensation. Lighting Research & Technology. 48(6):689–710. doi:10.1177/1477153515578310.
  • Kent M, Altomonte S, Wilson R, Tregenza PR. 2017a. Temporal effects on glare response from daylight. Building and Environment. 113:49–64. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.09.002.
  • Kent M, Fotios S. 2017. Using adjustment to evaluate discomfort glare. Lux Europa 2017. Ljubljana, Slovenia. September 18- 20, 2017.
  • Kent M, Fotios S, Altomonte S. 2017b. Discomfort glare evaluation: The influence of anchor bias in luminance adjustments. Lighting Research & Technology. doi:10.1177/1477153517734280.
  • Kent MG. 2016. Temporal effects in glare response [PhD dissertation]. [Nottingham, UK]: University of Nottingham. 390p.
  • Kim J, de Dear R, Cândido C, Zhang H, Arens E. 2013. Gender differences in office occupant perception of indoor environmental quality (ieq). Building and Environment. 70:245–256. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.022.
  • Kim JT, Shin JY, Yun GY. 2012. Prediction of discomfort glares from windows: Influence of the subjective evaluation of window views. Indoor and Built Environment. 21(1):92–97. doi:10.1177/1420326X11423157.
  • Kim W, Han H, Kim JT. 2009. The position index of a glare source at the borderline between comfort and discomfort (bcd) in the whole visual field. Building and Environment. 44(5):1017–1023. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.007.
  • Kim W, Kim JT. 2010. A distribution chart of glare sensation over the whole visual field. Building and Environment. 45(4):922–928. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.09.013.
  • Kim W, Kim JT. 2011. A position index formula for evaluation of glare source in the visual field. Indoor and Built Environment. 20(1):47–53. doi:10.1177/1420326x10389267.
  • Kim W, Kim JT. 2012. A prediction method to identify the glare source in a window with non-uniform luminance distribution. Energy and Buildings. 46:132–138. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.037.
  • Kim W, Koga Y. 2004. Effect of local background luminance on discomfort glare. Building and Environment. 39(12):1435–1442. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.003.
  • Kim W, Koga Y. 2005. Glare constant gw for the evaluation of discomfort glare from windows. Solar Energy. 78(1):105–111. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.020.
  • Kimura-Minoda T, Ayama M. 2011. Evaluation of discomfort glare from color leds and its correlation with individual variations in brightness sensitivity. Color research and application. 36:286 – 294.
  • Ko JK, Choi SY. 2017. Contents development for office smart lights. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Konis K. 2014. Predicting visual comfort in side-lit open-plan core zones: Results of a field study pairing high dynamic range images with subjective responses. Energy and Buildings. 77:67–79. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.03.035.
  • Kuhn T, Wienold J, Moosmann C. 2013. Daylight glare : Age effects and their impact on glare evaluation. 8th Energy Forum on Solar Building Skins. Bressanone, Italy. November 05- 06, 2013.
  • Laurentin C, Bermtto V, Fontoynont M. 2000. Effect of thermal conditions and light source type on visual comfort appraisal. Lighting Research & Technology. 32(4):223–233. doi:10.1177/096032710003200406.
  • Lee ES, Clear RD, Fernandes L, Ward G. 2007. Commissioning and verification procedures for the automated roller shade system at the new york times headquarters, new york, new york. Berkeley, USA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). 112p.
  • Lee JS, Kim BS. 2007. Development of the nomo-graph for evaluation on discomfort glare of windows. Solar Energy. 81(6):799–808. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2006.09.006.
  • Lien EL, Hammond BR. 2011. Nutritional influences on visual development and function. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 30(3):188–203. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.01.001.
  • Lin Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhu X, Lai J, Heynderickx I. 2014. Model predicting discomfort glare caused by led road lights. Optics express. 22(15):8056–8071. doi:10.1364/OE.22.018056.
  • Linney AS. 2008. Maximum luminances and luminance ratios and their impact on users’ discomfort glare perception and productivity in daylit offices [Master’s thesis]. [Wellington, New Zealand]: Victoria University of Wellington. 186p.
  • Logadóttir Á, Christoffersen J, Fotios S. 2011. Investigating the use of an adjustment task to set the preferred illuminance in a workplace environment. Lighting Research & Technology. 43(4):403–422. doi:10.1177/1477153511400971.
  • Logadóttir Á, Fotios S, Christoffersen J, Hansen SS, Corell DD, Dam-Hansen C. 2013. Investigating the use of an adjustment task to set preferred colour of ambient illumination. Color research and application. 38(1):46–57. doi:10.1002/col.20714.
  • Loughman J, Akkali MC, Beatty S, Scanlon G, Davison PA, O’Dwyer V, Cantwell T, Major P, Stack J, Nolan JM. 2010. The relationship between macular pigment and visual performance. Vision Research. 50(13):1249–1256. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.04.009.
  • Luckiesh M, Guth SK. 1949. Brightnesses in visual field at borderline between comfort and discomfort (bcd). National Technical Conference of the Illuminating Engineering Society. French Lick, USA. September 20–23, 1949.
  • Lulla AB, Bennett CA. 1981. Discomfort glare: Range effects. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 10(2):74–80. doi:10.1080/00994480.1980.10748591.
  • MacGowan D, Aspinall P, Newman P, Russell T, Lakowski R. 1988. Visual quality characteristics of the working environment. Glasgow, UK: Inter-Institutional Research Programme.
  • MacGowan D, Emery AF. 1986. Window architectonics in the automated office. 10th Triennial Congress of the International Council for Building Research. Washington, USA. September 22- 26, 1986.
  • MacLeod CM. 1991. Half a century of research on the stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 109(2):163–203. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163.
  • Mainster MA, Turner PL. 2012. Glare’s causes, consequences, and clinical challenges after a century of ophthalmic study. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 153(4):587–593. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.01.008.
  • Mangkuto RA, Kurnia KA, Azizah DN, Atmodipoero RT, Soelami FXN. 2017. Determination of discomfort glare criteria for daylit space in indonesia. Solar Energy. 149:151–163. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.04.010.
  • Mochizuki E, Iwata T. 2005. Discomfort glare caused by a window screen with non- uniform luminance distribution. Lux Pacifica 2005. Cairns, Australia. July 24- 26, 2005.
  • Narisada K, Schreuder D. 2004. Light pollution handbook. Groningen, The Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. 966p.
  • Nazzal AA. 2005. A new evaluation method for daylight discomfort glare. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 35(4):295–306. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2004.08.010.
  • Ngai P, Boyce P. 2000. The effect of overhead glare on visual discomfort. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 29(2):29–38. doi:10.1080/00994480.2000.10748315.
  • Nicol F, Wilson M, Chiancarella C. 2006. Using field measurements of desktop illuminance in european offices to investigate its dependence on outdoor conditions and its effect on occupant satisfaction, and the use of lights and blinds. Energy and Buildings. 38(7):802–813. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.014.
  • Osterhaus WKE. 2001. Discomfort glare from daylight in computer offices: What do we really know? Lux Europa 2001. Reykjavik, Iceland. June 17–20, 2011.
  • Osterhaus WKE. 2008. Analysis of luminance histograms for the assessment of discomfort glare in daylit offices. Balkan Light 2008. Ljubljana, Slovenia. October 07- 09, 2008.
  • Osterhaus WKE. 2009. Design guidelines for glare-free daylit work environments. Lux Europa 2009. Istanbul, Turkey. September 09- 11, 2009.
  • Osterhaus WKE, Bailey IL. 1992. Large area glare sources and their effect on discomfort and visual performance at computer workstations. 1992 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. Houston, USA. October 04- 09, 1992.
  • Paulsson L-E, Sjostrand J. 1980. Contrast sensitivity in the presence of a glare light - theoretical concepts and preliminary clinical studies. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 19(4):401–406. doi:80/80/040401+06$00.60/0.
  • Petherbridge P, Hopkinson RG. 1950. Discomfort glare and the lighting of buildings. Lighting Research & Technology. 15(2):39–79. doi:10.1177/147715355001500201.
  • Pierson C, Piderit MB, Wienold J, Bodart M. 2017. Discomfort glare from daylighting: Influence of culture on discomfort glare perception. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Pulpitlova J, Detkova P. 1993. Impact of the cultural and social background on the visual perception in living and working perception. International Symposium on Design of Amenity. Fukuoka, Japan. October 05- 09, 1993.
  • Rea MS. 1982. Calibration of subjective scaling responses. Lighting Research & Technology. 14(3):121–129.
  • Rodriguez RG, Pattini A. 2014. Tolerance of discomfort glare from a large area source for work on a visual display. Lighting Research & Technology. 46(2):157–170. doi:10.1177/1477153512470386.
  • Rodriguez RG, Yamín Garretón JA, Pattini AE. 2016. Glare and cognitive performance in screen work in the presence of sunlight. Lighting Research & Technology. 48(2):221–238. doi:10.1177/1477153515577851.
  • Sarey Khanie M, Jia Y, Wienold J, Andersen M. 2015. A sensitivity analysis on glare detection parameters. BS2015-14th International Conference of the International Building Performance Simulation Association. Hyderabad, India. December 07- 09, 2015.
  • Sarey Khanie M, Stoll J, Einhäuser W, Wienold J, Andersen M. 2017. Gaze and discomfort glare, part 1: Development of a gaze-driven photometry. Lighting Research & Technology. 49(7):845–865. doi:10.1177/1477153516649016.
  • Saur RL. 1969. Influence of physiological factors on discomfort glare level. Optometry & Vision Science. 46(5):352–357.
  • Scheir GH, Hanselaer P, Bracke P, Deconinck G, Ryckaert WR. 2015. Calculation of the unified glare rating based on luminance maps for uniform and non-uniform light sources. Building and Environment. 84(0):60–67. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.027.
  • Scheir GH, Hanselaer P, Ryckaert WR. 2017. Pupillary light reflex and receptive field calculation of visual discomfort for different spatial frequencies and luminance steps. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21–28, 2017.
  • Sekihara M, Imai M, Hagiwara H, Akiyama Y, Taniguchi T, Iwata T. 2016. Effect of task on discomfort glare from windows. 9th CJK Lighting Conference. Busan, Korea. August 18–19, 2016.
  • Shen E, Hu J, Patel M. 2014. Energy and visual comfort analysis of lighting and daylight control strategies. Building and Environment. 78:155–170. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.028.
  • Shin JY, Yun GY, Kim JT. 2012. View types and luminance effects on discomfort glare assessment from windows. Energy and Buildings. 46:139–145. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.10.036.
  • Siah WF, O’Brien C, Loughman JJ. 2017. Macular pigment is associated with glare-affected visual function and central visual field loss in glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310215.
  • Sivak M, Flannagan MJ, Ensing M, Simmons CJ. 1989. Discomfort glare is task dependent. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan. No. UMTRI-89-27. 18p.
  • Sivak M, Flannagan MJ, Traube EC, Kojima S. 1997. The influence of stimulus duration on discomfort glare for persons with and without visual correction. Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan. No. UMTRI-97-23. 22p.
  • Sivak M, Schoettle B, Minoda T, Flannagan MJ. 2005. Short-wavelength content of led headlamps and discomfort glare. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 2(2):145–154. doi:10.1582/LEUKOS.2005.02.02.006.
  • Stone PT, Harker SDP. 1973. Individual and group differences in discomfort glare responses. Lighting Research & Technology. 5(1):41–49. doi:10.1177/096032717300500106.
  • Stringham JM, Fuld K, Wenzel AJ. 2003. Action spectrum for photophobia. Journal of the Optical Society of America. 20(10):1852–1858. doi:10.1364/JOSAA.20.001852.
  • Stringham JM, Fuld K, Wenzel AJ. 2004. Spatial properties of photophobia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 45(10):3838–3848. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0038.
  • Stringham JM, Garcia PV, Smith PA, McLin LN, Foutch BK. 2011. Macular pigment and visual performance in glare: Benefits for photostress recovery, disability glare, and visual discomfort. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52:7406–7415. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-6699.
  • Subova A, Kittler R, MacGowan D. 1991. Results of ongoing experiments on subjective response to discomfort glare. Journal of the illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan. 75(Appendix):129-130. doi:10.2150/jieij1980.75.Appendix_129.
  • Sweater-Hickcox K, Narendran N, Bullough JD, Freyssinier JP. 2012. Effect of different colored background lighting on led discomfort glare perception. Twelfth International Conference on Solid State Lighting and Fourth International Conference on White LEDs and Solid State Lighting. San Diego, USA. August 12–16, 2012. doi:10.1117/12.968192.
  • Tashiro T, Kawanobe S, Kimura-Minoda T, Kohko S, Ishikawa T, Ayama M. 2015. Discomfort glare for white led light sources with different spatial arrangements. Lighting Research & Technology. 47:316–337. doi:10.1177/1477153514532122.
  • Tokura M, Iwata T, Shukuya M. 1996. Experimental study on discomfort glare caused by windows: Development of a method for evaluating discomfort glare from a large light source. Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering. (489):17–25.
  • Torres S, Lo Verso VRM. 2015. Comparative analysis of simplified daylight glare methods and proposal of a new method based on the cylindrical illuminance. Energy Procedia. 78:699–704. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.074.
  • Tuaycharoen N. 2011. Windows are less glaring when there is a preferred view. Built-Environment Sri Lanka. 9-10(1–2):45–55.
  • Tuaycharoen N, Tregenza PR. 2005. Discomfort glare from interesting images. Lighting Research & Technology. 37(4):329–338. doi:10.1191/1365782805li147oa.
  • Tuaycharoen N, Tregenza PR. 2007. View and discomfort glare from windows. Lighting Research & Technology. 39(2):185–200. doi:10.1177/1365782807077193.
  • Tyukhova YI. 2015. Discomfort glare from small, high luminance light sources in outdoor nighttime environments [PhD dissertation]. [Lincoln, USA]: University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 295p.
  • van Bommel W. 2015. Road lighting: Fundamentals, technology and application. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 343p.
  • Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2012. Evaluating human visual preference and performance in an office environment using luminance-based metrics [PhD dissertation]. [Washington, USA]: University of Washington (UW). 346p.
  • Van Den Wymelenberg K. 2014. Visual comfort, discomfort glare, and occupant fenestration control: Developing a research agenda. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 10(4):207–221. doi:10.1080/15502724.2014.939004.
  • Van Den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M. 2014. A critical investigation of common lighting design metrics for predicting human visual comfort in offices with daylight. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 10(3):145–164. doi:10.1080/15502724.2014.881720.
  • Van Den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M. 2016. Evaluating a new suite of luminance-based design metrics for predicting human visual comfort in offices with daylight. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 12:113–138. doi:10.1080/15502724.2015.1062392.
  • Van Den Wymelenberg K, Inanici M, Johnson P. 2010. The effect of luminance distribution patterns on occupant preference in a daylit office environment. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 07(02):103–122. doi:10.1080/19401493.2015.1058421.
  • Vásquez NG, Ruttkay Pereira FO, Pires MO, Moraes LN. 2016. Investigating a method to dynamic assessment of glare using the hdr technique. PLEA 2016. Los Angeles, USA. July 11- 13, 2016.
  • Veitch JA, Newsham GR. 2000. Preferred luminous conditions in open-plan offices: Research and practice recommendations. Lighting Research & Technology. 32(4):199–212. doi:10.1177/096032710003200404.
  • Velds M. 2000. Assessment of lighting quality in office rooms with daylighting systems [PhD dissertation]. [Delft, The Netherlands]: Technische Universiteit Delft (TUD). 231p.
  • Völker S, Freyer M, Raphael S, Meyborg M. 2017. Influence factors for discomfort glare of headlamps and a new model for its estimation. CIE 2017 Midterm Meeting. Jeju, South Korea. October 21- 28, 2017.
  • Vos J, Van Bergem-Jansen PM. 1995. Greenhouse lighting side-effects: Community reaction. Lighting Research & Technology. 27(1):45–51. doi:10.1177/14771535950270010301.
  • Ward G. Radiance findglare program. 1993. [accessed September 27, 2017]. http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/man_html/findglare.1.html.
  • Waters CE, Mistrick RG, Bernecker CA. 1995. Discomfort glare from sources of nonuniform luminance. The Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society. 24(2):73–85. doi:10.1080/00994480.1995.10748120.
  • Wei M, Houser KW, Orland B, Lang DH, Ram N, Sliwinski MJ, Bose M. 2014. Field study of office worker responses to fluorescent lighting of different cct and lumen output. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 39:62–76. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.04.009.
  • Weijters B, Cabooter E, Schillewaert N. 2010. The effect of rating scale format on response styles: The number of response categories and response category labels. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 27(3):236–247.
  • Wienold J. 2009a. Daylight glare in offices [PhD dissertation]. [Freiburg, Germany]: Universität Karlsruhe (TH). 136p.
  • Wienold J. 2009b. Workshop glare analysis of hdr images. 8th International Radiance Workshop. Boston, USA. October 21- 23, 2009.
  • Wienold J, Christoffersen J. 2006. Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of ccd cameras. Energy and Buildings. 38(7):743–757. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.03.017.
  • Wirtschafter JD, Bourassa CM. 1966. Binocular facilitation of discomfort with high luminances. Archives of Ophthalmology. 75:683–688.
  • Wolska A, Sawicki D. 2014. Evaluation of discomfort glare in the 50+ elderly: Experimental study. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 27(3):444–459. doi:10.2478/s13382-014-0257-9.
  • Wright KPJ, Badia P, Myers BL, Plenzler SC, Hakel M. 1997. Caffeine and light effects on nighttime melatonin and temperature levels in sleep-deprived humans. Brain Research. 747(1):78–84. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(96)01268-1.
  • Yamin Garretón J, Rodriguez R, Pattini A. 2015. Effects of perceived indoor temperature on daylight glare perception. Building Research & Information. 44(8):1–14. doi:10.1080/09613218.2016.1103116.
  • Yang Y, Ronnier Luo M, Huang WJ. 2016. Assessing glare, part 3: Glare sources having different colours. Lighting Research & Technology. doi:10.1177/1477153516676640.
  • Yang Y, Ronnier Luo M, Ma SN. 2017. Assessing glare. Part 2: Modifying unified glare rating for uniform and non-uniform led luminaires. Lighting Research & Technology. 49:727–742. doi:10.1177/1477153516642622.
  • Zhang J, Tu Y, Liu L, Wang L, Peng S, Heynderickx I. 2013. Effect of the correlated color temperature of light on overhead glare in offices. SID Display Week. Vancouver, Canada. May 19- 24, 2013.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.