Discomfort Glare from a Cyclic Source in Outdoor Lighting Conditions

References

• AFE. 2002. Recommandations relatives à l’éclairage des voies publiques. Technical report. Paris, France: Association Française de l’Eclairage.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed I, Bennett CA. 1978. Discomfort glare: duration-intensity relationship. J Illum Eng Soc. 8(1):36–39.
   Google Scholar
• Anantha BN. 1982. Discomfort glare: Fry’s dynamic disk roadway lighting simulator [Master’s thesis]. Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• ANSES. 2019. Effects on human health and the environment (fauna and flora) of systems using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Technical Report 2014-SA-0253. Paris, France: ANSES.
   Google Scholar
• Bargary G, Jia Y, Barbur JL. 2015. Mechanisms for discomfort glare in central vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56(1):464–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett CA. 1977. Discomfort glare: concentrated sources—parametric study of angularly small sources. J Illum Eng Soc. 7(1):2–15.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett CA. 1987. Characterizing discomfort glare from roadway lighting. Transp Res Rec. 1149:8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bullough J, Brons J, Qi R, Rea M. 2008. Predicting discomfort glare from outdoor lighting installations. Light Res Technol. 40(3):225–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullough J, Sweater-Hickcox K. 2012. Interactions among light source luminance, illuminance and size on discomfort glare. SAE Int J Passenger Cars-mech Syst. 5:199–202.
   Google Scholar
• Bullough J, Van Derlofske J, Fay CR, Dee P. 2003. Discomfort glare from headlamps: interactions among spectrum, control of gaze and background light level. SAE Technical Paper.
   Google Scholar
• CEN. 2015. EN 13201-2 European Standard: road Lighting Part 2: performance requirements. Brussels (Belgium): European Committee for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 1976. Glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. Technical Report 31. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 2010. Performance assessment method for vehicle headlighting systems. Technical Report 188. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 2013. Review of lighting quality measures for interior lighting with LED lighting systems. Technical Report 205. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage.
   Google Scholar
• CIE. 2021. Discomfort glare in road lighting and vehicle lighting. Technical Report 243. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l’Éclairage.
   Google Scholar
• Cornsweet TN. 1962. The staircrase-method in psychophysics. Am J Psychol. 75(3):485–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer J, Schreuder D. 1967. Glare as a criterion for quality in street lighting. Trans Illum Eng Soc. 32(2):117–135.
   Google Scholar
• DOT. 2003. Code de la route, article r412-12. Ministère des Transports (French DOT). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000006842131.
   Google Scholar
• DOT. 2005. Arrêté du 21 décembre 2005 fixant la liste des affections médicales incompatibles avec l’obtention ou le maintien du permis de conduire ou pouvant donner lieu à la délivrance de permis de conduire de durée de validité limitée : annexes. Ministère des Transports (French DOT). https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/article_lc/LEGIARTI000022817769/2010-09-15/.
   Google Scholar
• Easwer G. 1983. Discomfort glare: an improved dynamic roadway lighting simulation [Master’s thesis]. Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Eble-Hankins ML, Waters CE. 2004. VCP and UGR glare evaluation systems: a look back and a look forward. Leukos. 1(2):7–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fotios S, Houser K, Cheal C. 2008. Counterbalancing needed to avoid bias in side-by-side brightness matching tasks. Leukos. 4(4):207–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganesh KV. 1986. Discomfort glare: variation of light intensity [Master’s thesis]. Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Girard J, Villa C, Brémond R. 2019. Discomfort glare from several sources: a formula for outdoor lighting. Leukos. 8(1):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson R. 1940. Discomfort glare in lighted streets. Trans Illum Eng Soc. 5(1–9):1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Howell DC. 2009. Statistical methods for psychology. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain SA. 1985. Comparison of real-world roadway lighting, dynamic simulation and cbe and glaremark predictive systems [Master’s thesis]. Kansas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Irikura T, Toyofuku Y, Aoki Y. 1998. Borderline between comfort and discomfort of blinking light. J Light Visual Environ. 22(2):12–15.
   Google Scholar
• Kim W, Kim JT. 2010. A distribution chart of glare sensation over the whole visual field. Build Environ. 45(4):922–928.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Choi Y, Yang X, Oh G, Kim M, Kim H, Kang J, You H. 2017. The effect of visual attention factors on visual field testing for maintenance of gaze fixation. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Vol. 61. Los Angeles (CA): SAGE Publications; p. 701–704.
   Google Scholar
• Lehnert P. 2001. Disability and discomfort glare under dynamic conditions - the effect of glare stimuli on the human vision. Prog Automob Light: Proc Symp. 9:582–592.
   Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Fotios S, Wei M, Liu Y, Guo W, Sun Y. 2015. Eye movement and pupil size constriction under discomfort glare. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56(3):1649–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhu X, Lai J, Heynderickx I. 2014. Model predicting discomfort glare caused by LED road lights. Opt Express. 22(15):18056–18071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu T, Konz SA. 1991. Simulator studies of discomfort glare in comparison with the CBE prediction. In: Procedings of the First International Symposium on Glare. New York, NY: Lighting Research Institute; p. 137–142.
   Google Scholar
• Luckiesh M, Guth SK. 1949. Brightness in visual field at borderline between comfort and discomfort (BCD). J Illum Eng. 44(1):650–670.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lulla AB, Bennett CA. 1981. Discomfort glare: range effects. J Illum Eng Soc. 10(2):74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Niedling M, Kierdorf D, Völker S. 2015. Influence of a glare sources spectrum on discomfort and disability glare under mesopic conditions. Lichttechnik. 4:119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Poulton EC. 1989. Bias in quantifying judgements. LEA. Hove and London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam R, Gillmore W. 1957. Discomfort glare at low adaptation levels II-off-axis sources. J Illum Eng. 52(4):226–232.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Clausen H-J, Bindels JTH. 1974. Assessment of discomfort glare in motor vehicle lighting. Light Res Technol. 6(2):79–88.
   Google Scholar
• Sivak M, Flannagan MJ, Traube EC, Kojima S. 1997. The influence of stimulus duration on discomfort glare for persons with and without visual correction. Transp Hum Factors. 1(2):147–158.
   Google Scholar
• Sivak M, Olson PL. 1988. Toward the development of a field methodology for evaluating discomfort glare from automobile headlamps. J Safety Res. 19(3):135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivak M, Schoettle B, Minoda T, Flannagan MJ. 2005. Blue content of LED headlamps and discomfort glare. Technical Report UMTRI-2005-2. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Stringham JM, Snodderly DM. 2004. Enhancing performance while avoiding damage : a contribution of macular pigment. Invest Ophtalmol Visual Sci. 54:6298–6306.
   Google Scholar
• Thaler L, Schütz AC, Goodale MA, Gegenfurtner KR. 2013. What is the best fixation target? the effect of target shape on stability of fixational eye movements. Vision Res. 76(1):31–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Bommel W. 2015. Visual comfort for motorists. In: Road lighting. NY, USA: Springer; p. 49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Waters CE, Mistrick RG, Bernecker CA. 1995. Discomfort glare from sources of non-uniform luminance. J Illum Eng Soc. 24:73–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar