Reducing energy availability in male endurance athletes: a randomized trial with a three-step energy reduction

References

• Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med Internet]. 2014;48(7):491–497. http://bjsm.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Williams NI. The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: an Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes. Auckland: Sports Medicine. Springer International Publishing; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Loucks AB, Thuma JR. Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(1):297–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman JL, De Souza MJ, Wagstaff DA, et al. Menstrual Disruption with Exercise Is Not Linked to an Energy Availability Threshold. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(3):551–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed JL, De Souza M, Mallinson RJ, et al. Energy availability discriminates clinical menstrual status in exercising women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. Internet]. 2015;12(1):11. Accessed1 February 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tornberg ÅB, Melin A, Koivula FM, et al. Reduced Neuromuscular Performance in Amenorrheic Elite Endurance Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(12):2478–2485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke LM, Lundy B, Fahrenholtz IL, et al. Pitfalls of Conducting and Interpreting Estimates of Energy Availability in Free-Living Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab Internet]. 2018 Jul 1 cited 2018 Oct 15;28(4):350–363. Available from.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logue D, Madigan SM, Delahunt E, et al. Low Energy Availability in Athletes: a Review of Prevalence, Dietary Patterns, Physiological Health, and Sports Performance. Sport Med. 2018;48(1):73–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler K, Hoerner NR, Gibbs JC, et al. Low energy availability in exercising men is associated with reduced leptin and insulin but not with changes in other metabolic hormones. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(20):1921–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viner RT, Harris M, Berning JR, et al. Energy availability and dietary patterns of adult male and female competitive cyclists with lower than expected bone mineral density. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(6):594–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malara M, Lutosławska G. Female athletes and health. Biomedical Human Kinetics. Internet]. 2016;8(1):83–87. Accessed 21 March 2017. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/bhk.2016.8.issue-1/bhk-2016-0012/bhk-2016-0012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K. Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males. In: European Journal of Applied Physiology. Vol. 121. Berlin: Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. pp. 1–21;2021.
   Google Scholar
• Jurov I, Keay N, Hadžić V, et al. Relationship between energy availability, energy conservation and cognitive restraint with performance measures in male endurance athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Pauw K, Roelands B, Cheung SS, et al. Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Internet]. 2013 Mar cited 2018 Nov 6;8(2):111–122. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23428482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurov I, Keay N, Rauter S. Severe Reduction of Energy Availability in Controlled Conditions Causes Poor Endurance Performance, Impairs Explosive Power and Affects Hormonal Status in Trained Male Endurance Athletes. Appl Sci [Internet]. 2021 Sep 16 cited 2021 Sep 16;11(18):8618. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/18/8618/10.3390/app11188618
   Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou M, Elliott-Sale KJ, Parsons A, et al. Effects of reduced energy availability on bone metabolism in women and men. Bone. 2017;105:191–199. Internet].Available from
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capling L, Beck K, Gifford J, et al. Validity of Dietary Assessment in Athletes: a Systematic Review. Nutrients Internet]. 2017 Dec 2 cited 2018 Oct 15;9(12):1313. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/12/1313/10.3390/nu9121313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir Jb de V. New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol. Internet]. 1949 Aug cited 2019 Jun 21;109(1–2):1–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15394301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torstveit MK, Fahrenholtz IL, Lichtenstein MB, et al. Exercise dependence, eating disorder symptoms and biomarkers of relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S) among male endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med Internet]. 2019 Jan 10 cited 2019 Mar 5;5(1):e000439. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/12/1313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westerterp KR. Measurement of Energy Expenditure. In: Translational Research Methods for Diabetes, Obesity and Cardiometabolic Drug Development [Internet]. London: Springer London; 2015 [cited 2019 Jun 10]. p. 169–187. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4471-4920-0_7
   Google Scholar
• Compher C, Frankenfield D, Keim N, et al., Evidence Analysis Working Group. Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: a systematic review. J Am Diet Assoc [Internet]. 2006 Jun cited 2019 Jun 21;106(6):881–903. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandic R, Jakovljevic S, Jaric S. Effects of countermovement depth on kinematic and kinetic patterns of maximum vertical jumps. J Electromyogr Kinesiol [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited 2020 Aug 20];25(2):265–272. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4355311/?report=abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Ramos A, Štirn I, Padial P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Strojnik V, et al. Predicting vertical jump height from bar velocity. J Sport Sci Med. 2015;14(2):256–262.
   Google Scholar
• Haj-Sassi R, Dardouri W, Gharbi Z, Chaouachi A, Mansour H, Rabhi A, et al. Reliability and Validity of a New Repeated Agility Test as a Measure of Anaerobic and Explosive Power. J Strength Cond Res [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 15];25(2):472–480. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/00124278-201102000-00026
   Google Scholar
• Hooper SL, Mackinnon LT. Monitoring overtraining in athletes: recommendations. Sport Med. 1995;20(5):321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean BD, Coutts AJ, Kelly V, et al. Neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue responses during different length between-match microcycles in professional rugby league players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2010;5(3):367–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikura IA, Stellingwerff T, Bergland D, et al. Low energy availability is difficult to assess but outcomes have large impact on bone injury rates in elite distance athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(4):403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza MJ, Koltun KJ, Strock NC, et al. Rethinking the concept of an energy availability threshold and its role in the female athlete triad. In: Current opinion in physiology. Vol. 10. Elsevier Ltd; 2019. p. 35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Heikura IA, Quod M, Strobel N, et al. Alternate-day low energy availability during spring classics in professional cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform Internet]. 2019 Mar 12 cited 2019 Jun 7;14(9):1233–1243. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30860404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackney AC, Lane AR, Register-Mihalik J, et al. Endurance exercise training and male sexual libido. Med Sci Sport Exercise. Internet]. 2017 Jul cited 2018 Nov 15;49(7):1383–1388. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, et al. Low energy availability in athletes 2020: an updated narrative review of prevalence, risk, within-day energy balance, knowledge, and impact on sports performance. Nutrients. 2020;12(835):1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Woods AL, Rice AJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, et al. The effects of intensified training on resting metabolic rate (RMR), body composition and performance in trained cyclists. Piacentini MF, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2018 Feb 14 cited 2018 Oct 29;13(2):e0191644. Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurov I, Hadžić V, Rauter S. Markers of energy metabolism affect lactate metabolism and aerobic performance in competitive female cyclists. Appl Sci Internet]. 2020 Oct 27 cited 2020 Oct 27;10(21):7563. Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
   Google Scholar
• Buckinx F, Landi F, Cesari M, et al. Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: a need for a reference standard. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. Internet]. 2018 Apr cited 2018 Nov 5;9(2):269–278. Available from:. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29349935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarys JP, Scafoglieri A, Provyn S, et al. A macro-quality evaluation of DXA variables using whole dissection, ashing, and computer. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1038/oby.2009.447
   Google Scholar