Garlic supplementation attenuates cycling exercise-induced oxidative inflammation but fails to improve time trial performance in healthy adults

References

• Vollaard NB, Shearman JP, Cooper CE. Exercise-induced oxidative stress: myths, realities and physiological relevance. Sports Med. 2005;35(12):1045–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers SK, Nelson WB, Hudson MB. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Sep 1;51(5):942–950. DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banni S, Day BW, Evans RW, et al. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of conjugated diene fatty acids in a partially hydrogenated fat. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1994 Dec;71(12):1321–1325. DOI:10.1007/BF02541348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong RB, Ogilvie RW, Schwane JA. Eccentric exercise-induced injury to rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983 Jan;54(1):80–93. DOI:10.1152/jappl.1983.54.1.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ, Lee YH, Kim CK. Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Mar;99(4):443–447. DOI:10.1007/s00421-006-0362-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takarada Y. Evaluation of muscle damage after a rugby match with special reference to tackle plays. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(5):416–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoi W, Naito Y, Takanami Y, et al. Oxidative stress and delayed-onset muscle damage after exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Aug 15;37(4):480–487. DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.05.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirumalai T, Therasa SV, Elumalai EK, et al. Hypoglycemic effect of brassica juncea (seeds) on streptozotocin induced diabetic male albino rat. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011 Aug;1(4):323–325. DOI:10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60052-X.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsao JP, Liu CC, Wang HF, et al. Oral resveratrol supplementation attenuates exercise-induced interleukin-6 but not oxidative stress after a high intensity cycling challenge in adults. Int J Med Sci. 2021;18(10):2137–2145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsao JP, Bernard JR, Hsu HC, et al. Short-term oral quercetin supplementation improves post-exercise insulin sensitivity, antioxidant capacity and enhances subsequent cycling time to exhaustion in healthy adults: a pilot study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:875319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagae S, Ushijima M, Hatono S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the garlic compound S-allylcysteine. Planta Med. 1994 Jun;60(3):214–217. DOI:10.1055/s-2006-959461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Liu R, Yang Y, et al. Isolation, purification and identification of antioxidants in an aqueous aged garlic extract. Food Chem. 2015 Nov 15;187:37–43. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaji K, Sarker KP, Abeyama K, et al. Anti-atherogenic effects of an egg yolk-enriched garlic supplement. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004 Feb;55(1):61–66. DOI:10.1080/09637480310001642493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Török B, Belágyi J, Rietz B, et al. Effectiveness of garlic on the radical activity in radical generating systems. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994 May;44(5):608–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borek C. Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3):1010s–1015s. DOI:10.1093/jn/131.3.1010S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su QS, Tian Y, Zhang JG, et al. Effects of allicin supplementation on plasma markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, IL-6 and antioxidant capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Jun;103(3):275–283. DOI:10.1007/s00421-008-0699-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gholami F, Naderi A. Acute garlic supplementation ameliorates exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in sedentary individuals. Int J Health Sci. 2020;6(1). DOI:10.22100/ijhs.v6i1.704.
   Google Scholar
• Ide N, Lau BH. Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa b activation. J Nutr. 2001 Mar;131(3s):1020s–1026s. DOI:10.1093/jn/131.3.1020S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moosavian SP, Paknahad Z, Habibagahi Z. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, evaluating the garlic supplement effects on some serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, and quality of life in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Clin Pract. 2020 Jul;74(7):e13498. DOI:10.1111/ijcp.13498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosavian SP, Arab A, Paknahad Z, et al. The effects of garlic supplementation on oxidative stress markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020 May;50:102385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers H, Verstappen FT, Keizer HA, et al. Variability of aerobic performance in the laboratory and its physiologic correlates. Int J Sports Med. 1985 Aug;6(4):197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao YH, Mündel T, Yang YT, et al. Effects of periodic carbohydrate ingestion on endurance and cognitive performances during a 40-km cycling time-trial under normobaric hypoxia in well-trained triathletes. J Sports Sci. 2019 Aug;37(16):1805–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frayn KN. Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1983 Aug;55(2):628–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asdaq SM. Antioxidant and hypolipidemic potential of aged garlic extract and its constituent, s-allyl cysteine, in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:328545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zare E, Alirezaei A, Bakhtiyari M, et al. Evaluating the effect of garlic extract on serum inflammatory markers of peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized double-blind clinical trial study. BMC Nephrol. 2019 Jan 25;20(1):26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peternelj TT, Coombes JS. Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: beneficial or detrimental?. Sports Med. 2011 Dec 1;41(12):1043–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colín-González AL, Ali SF, Túnez I, et al. On the antioxidant, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of S-allyl cysteine: an update. Neurochem Int. 2015 Oct;89:83–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colín-González AL, Santana RA, Silva-Islas CA, et al. The antioxidant mechanisms underlying the aged garlic extract- and S-allylcysteine-induced protection. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:907162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen G, Hochstein P. Generation of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes by hemolytic agents. Biochem. 1964 Jul;3:895–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koseoglu M, Isleten F, Atay A, et al. Effects of acute and subacute garlic supplement administration on serum total antioxidant capacity and lipid parameters in healthy volunteers. Phytother Res. 2010 Mar;24(3):374–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkie R, Ostrowski SR, Jauffred S, et al. Exercise and IL-6 infusion inhibit endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production in humans. Faseb J. 2003 May;17(8):884–886.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee DY, Li H, Lim HJ, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic. J Med Food. 2012 Nov;15(11):992–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald C, Wojtaszewski JF, Pedersen BK, et al. Interleukin-6 release from human skeletal muscle during exercise: relation to AMPK activity. J Appl Physiol. 1985 [cited 2003 Dec];95(6):2273–2277.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen BK. The diseasome of physical inactivity–and the role of myokines in muscle–fat cross talk. J Physiol. 2009 Dec 1;587(Pt 23):5559–5568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen J, Sun Y, Woods JA. Exercise and the regulation of inflammatory responses. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015;135:337–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancaccio P, Maffulli N, Limongelli FM. Creatine kinase monitoring in sport medicine. Br Med Bull. 2007;81-82:209–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel I, et al. Are compression garments effective for the recovery of exercise-induced muscle damage? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Physiol Behav. 2016 Jan 1;153:133–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, et al. Time course of changes in performance and inflammatory responses after acute plyometric exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1389–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Suzuki K, et al. Break point of serum creatine kinase release after endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1985 [cited 2002 Oct];93(4):1280–1286.
   Google Scholar
• Mastaloudis A, Traber MG, Carstensen K, et al. Antioxidants did not prevent muscle damage in response to an ultramarathon run. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2006 Jan;38(1):72–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhana A, Lappin SL. Biochemistry, lactate dehydrogenase. StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
   Google Scholar