Effects of 16 weeks of two different high-protein diets with either resistance or concurrent training on body composition, muscular strength and performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in resistance-trained males

References

• Pourabbas, M, Bagheri, R, Hooshmand Moghadam, B, et al. Strategic ingestion of high-protein dairy milk during a resistance training program increases lean mass, strength, and power in trained young males. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):948. doi: 10.3390/nu13030948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashor, AW, Lara, J, Siervo, M, et al. Effects of exercise modalities on arterial stiffness and wave reflection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plos One. 2014;9(10):e110034. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley, JA. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to prolonged, intense endurance training. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2002;29(3):218–610. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03623.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamim, B, Devlin, BL, Timmins, RG, et al. Adaptations to concurrent training in combination with high protein availability: a comparative trial in healthy, recreationally active men. Sports Med. 2018;48(12):2869–2883. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0999-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, WJ, Wood, DT, Andrews, RG, et al. Concurrent training enhances athletes’ strength, muscle endurance, and other measures. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1487–1502. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181739f08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabag, A, Najafi, A, Michael, S, et al. The compatibility of concurrent high intensity interval training and resistance training for muscular strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(21):2472–2483. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1464636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, SC, Bell, GJ. Whey protein isolate or concentrate combined with concurrent training does not augment performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, or strength adaptations. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(6):832–840. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10314-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, D. The effects of an in-season of concurrent training on the maintenance of maximal strength and power in professional and college-aged rugby league football players. J Strength Cond Res. 2001;15(2):172–177. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200105000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argus, CK, Gill, N, Keogh, J, et al. Effects of a short-term pre-season training programme on the body composition and anaerobic performance of professional rugby union players. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(6):679–686. doi: 10.1080/02640411003645695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe, JJ, Bishop, DJ, Stepto, NK. Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: molecular bases and the role of individual training variables. Sports Med. 2014;44(6):743–762. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0162-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, VG, Hawley, JA. Concurrent exercise training: do opposites distract? Journal Of Physiology. 2017;595(9):2883–2896. doi: 10.1113/JP272270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, BW, Lucas, J, Pohlman, R, et al. The effects of running, weightlifting and a combination of both on growth hormone release. J Strength Cond Res. 1991;5(4):198–203. doi: 10.1519/00124278-199111000-00005
   Google Scholar
• Bell, G, Syrotuik, D, Martin, T, et al. Effect of concurrent strength and endurance training on skeletal muscle properties and hormone concentrations in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2000;81(5):418–427. doi: 10.1007/s004210050063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häkkinen, K, Alen, M, Kraemer, W, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training versus strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;89(1):42–52. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0751-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyfe, JJ, Bartlett, JD, Hanson, ED, et al. Endurance training intensity does not mediate interference to maximal lower-body strength gain during short-term concurrent training. Front Physiol. 2016;7:487. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2016.00487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, TR, Fernandez-Gonzalo, R, Gustafsson, T, et al. Aerobic exercise does not compromise muscle hypertrophy response to short-term resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(1):81–89. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01013.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sale, D, Jacobs, I, MacDougall, J, et al. Comparison of two regimens of concurrent strength and endurance training. Med & Sci In Sports & Ex. 1990;22(3):348–356. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199006000-00012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza, E, Tricoli, V, Roschel, H, et al. Molecular adaptations to concurrent training. Int J Sports Med. 2013;34(3):207–213. doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1312627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann, M, Feuerbacher, JF, Sünkeler, M, et al. Compatibility of concurrent Aerobic and strength training for skeletal muscle size and function: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021;52:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi, F, Bagheri, R, Negaresh, R, et al. The effect of high-intensity interval training type on body fat percentage, fat and fat-free mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2291. doi: 10.3390/jcm12062291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murach, KA, Bagley, JR. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy with concurrent exercise training: contrary evidence for an interference effect. Sports Med. 2016;46(8):1029–1039. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0496-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri, R, Moghadam, BH, Candow, DG, et al. Effects of Icelandic yogurt consumption and resistance training in healthy untrained older males. British Journal Of Nutrition. 2021;127(9):1334–1342. doi: 10.1017/S0007114521002166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, RW, Murphy, KT, McKellar, SR, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376–384. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, WW. Synergistic use of higher-protein diets or nutritional supplements with resistance training to counter sarcopenia. Nutr Rev. 2007;65(9):416–422. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00320.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candow, DG, Chilibeck, PD, Facci, M, et al. Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97(5):548–556. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0223-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosse, JD, Dixon, BM. Dietary protein to maximize resistance training: a review and examination of protein spread and change theories. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):1–11. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Candow, DG, Burke, NC, Smith-Palmer, T, et al. Effect of whey and soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab. 2006;16(3):233–244. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.3.233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin, JW, Goldman, LP, Puglisi, MJ, et al. Effect of post-exercise supplement consumption on adaptations to resistance training. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(4):322–330. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio, J, Ellerbroek, A, Silver, T, et al. A high protein diet (3.4 g/kg/d) combined with a heavy resistance training program improves body composition in healthy trained men and women–a follow-up investigation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(1):1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0100-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ormsbee, MJ, Willingham, BD, Marchant, T, et al. Protein supplementation during a 6-month concurrent training program: effect on body composition and muscular strength in sedentary individuals. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab. 2018;28(6):619–628. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartono, FA, Martin-Arrowsmith, PW, Peeters, WM, et al. The effects of dietary protein supplementation on acute changes in muscle protein synthesis and longer-term changes in muscle mass, strength, and aerobic capacity in response to concurrent resistance and endurance exercise in healthy adults: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2022;52:1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camera, DM. Evaluating the effects of increased protein intake on muscle strength, hypertrophy and power adaptations with concurrent training: a narrative review. Sports Med. 2021;52(3):441–461. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01585-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghobadi, H, Attarzadeh Hosseini, SR, Rashidlamir, A, et al. Auto-regulatory progressive training compared to linear programming on muscular strength, endurance, and body composition in recreationally active males. Eur J Sport Sci. 2021;22(10):1543–1554. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1963321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilborn, CD, Taylor, LW, Outlaw, J, et al. The effects of pre-and post-exercise whey vs. casein protein consumption on body composition and performance measures in collegiate female athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(1):74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, PM, Nunes, JP, Tomeleri, CM, et al. Resistance training performed with single and multiple sets induces similar improvements in muscular strength, muscle mass, muscle quality, and IGF-1 in older women: A randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(4):1008–1016. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colantonio, E, Barros, RV, MAPDM, K. Oxygen uptake during Wingate tests for arms and legs in swimmers and water polo players. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte. 2003;9(3):141–144. doi: 10.1590/S1517-86922003000300003
   Google Scholar
• Ekblom‐Bak, E, Björkman, F, Hellenius, ML, et al. A new submaximal cycle ergometer test for prediction of VO2max. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(2):319–326. doi: 10.1111/sms.12014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman, F, Ekblom-Bak, E, Ekblom, Ö, et al. Validity of the revised Ekblom Bak cycle ergometer test in adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(9):1627–1638. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3412-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkman, F, Eggers, A, Stenman, A, et al. Sex and maturity status affected the validity of a submaximal cycle test in adolescents. Acta Paediatrica. 2018;107(1):126–133. doi: 10.1111/apa.14080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spillane, M, Schwarz, N, Willoughby, DS. Heavy resistance training and peri-exercise ingestion of a multi-ingredient ergogenic nutritional supplement in males: effects on body composition, muscle performance and markers of muscle protein synthesis. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(4):894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haff, GG, Triplett, NT. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human kinetics; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Vechin, FC, Conceição, MS, Telles, GD, et al. Interference phenomenon with concurrent strength and high-intensity interval training-based aerobic training: an updated model. Sports Med. 2021;51(4):599–605. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01421-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio, J, Ellerbroek, A, Silver, T, et al. A high protein diet has no harmful effects: a one-year crossover study in resistance-trained males. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:1–5. DOI:10.1155/2016/9104792
   Google Scholar
• Moore, DR, Robinson, MJ, Fry, JL, et al. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):161–168. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders, T, Res, PT, Smeets, JS, et al. Protein ingestion before sleep increases muscle mass and strength gains during prolonged resistance-type exercise training in healthy young men. J Nutr. 2015;145(6):1178–1184. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.208371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Schindler, J, Hamilton, DL, Moore, DR, et al. Nutritional strategies to support concurrent training. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(1):41–52. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2014.950345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, DL, Philp, A. Can AMPK mediated suppression of mTORC1 explain the concurrent training effect? Cell Mol Exerc Physiol. 2013;2(1):e4. doi: 10.7457/cmep.v2i1.e4
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. A power primer. Phychol Bulletin. 1992;112(1):155–159. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickson, RC. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1980;45(2–3):255–263. doi: 10.1007/BF00421333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, JP, Agre, JC, Graf, BK, et al. Compatibility of adaptive responses with combining strength and endurance training. Med & Sci In Sports & Ex. 1995;27(3):429–436. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199503000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy, JP, Pozniak, MA, Agre, JC. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training. Medicine & Science In Sports & Exercise. 2002;34(3):511–519. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200203000-00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petré, H, Hemmingsson, E, Rosdahl, H, et al. Development of maximal dynamic strength during concurrent resistance and endurance training in untrained, moderately trained, and trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021;51(5):991–1010. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01426-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza, EO, Tricoli, V, Franchini, E, et al. Acute effect of two aerobic exercise modes on maximum strength and strength endurance. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(4):1286–1290. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200711000-00053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sporer, BC, Wenger, HA. Effects of aerobic exercise on strength performance following various periods of recovery. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(4):638–644. doi: 10.1519/00124278-200311000-00003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robineau, J, Babault, N, Piscione, J, et al. Specific training effects of concurrent aerobic and strength exercises depend on recovery duration. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(3):672–683. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäger, R, Kerksick, CM, Campbell, BI, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, TB, Smith, J, Herrera, M, et al. The influence of 8 weeks of whey-protein and leucine supplementation on physical and cognitive performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab. 2010;20(5):409–417. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.20.5.409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives, SJ, Norton, C, Miller, V, et al. Multi-modal exercise training and protein-pacing enhances physical performance adaptations independent of growth hormone and BDNF but may be dependent on IGF-1 in exercise-trained men. Growth Hormone IGF Res. 2017;32:60–70. DOI:10.1016/j.ghir.2016.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arciero, PJ, Ives, SJ, Norton, C, et al. Protein-pacing and multi-component exercise training improves physical performance outcomes in exercise-trained women: the PRISE 3 study. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):332. doi: 10.3390/nu8060332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsitkanou, S, Spengos, K, Stasinaki, AN, et al. Effects of high‐intensity interval cycling performed after resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1317–1327. doi: 10.1111/sms.12751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linari, M, Bottinelli, R, Pellegrino, MA, et al. The mechanism of the force response to stretch in human skinned muscle fibres with different myosin isoforms. Journal Of Physiology. 2004;554(2):335–352. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.051748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazior, Z, Willis, SJ, Moberg, M, et al. Endurance exercise enhances the effect of strength training on muscle fiber size and protein expression of Akt and mTOR. Plos One. 2016;11(2):e0149082. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddens, L, van Someren, K, Howatson, G. The role of intra-session exercise sequence in the interference effect: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018;48(1):177–188. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0784-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murlasits, Z, Kneffel, Z, Thalib, L. The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2018;36(11):1212–1219. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1364405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, TL, Clapper, JA, Specker, BL, et al. Effect of protein supplementation during a 6-mo strength and conditioning program on insulin-like growth factor I and markers of bone turnover in young adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(6):1442–1448. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longland, TM, Oikawa, SY, Mitchell, CJ, et al. Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):738–746. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, O, Barton, W, Skuse, P, et al. A prospective metagenomic and metabolomic analysis of the impact of exercise and/or whey protein supplementation on the gut microbiome of sedentary adults. mSystems. 2018;3(3):e00044–18. doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00044-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinheimer, EM, Conley, TB, Kobza, VM, et al. Whey protein supplementation does not affect exercise training-induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. J Nutr. 2012;142(8):1532–1539. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.153619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beals, JW, Burd, NA, Moore, DR, et al. Obesity alters the muscle protein synthetic response to nutrition and exercise. Front Nutr. 2019;6:87. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonio, J, Peacock, CA, Ellerbroek, A, et al. The effects of consuming a high protein diet (4.4 g/kg/d) on body composition in resistance-trained individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11(1):19. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy, C, Koehler, K. Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2022;32(1):125–137. doi: 10.1111/sms.14075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areta, JL, Burke, LM, Camera, DM, et al. Reduced resting skeletal muscle protein synthesis is rescued by resistance exercise and protein ingestion following short-term energy deficit. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(8):E989–E997. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00590.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hector, AJ, McGlory, C, Damas, F, et al. Pronounced energy restriction with elevated protein intake results in no change in proteolysis and reductions in skeletal muscle protein synthesis that are mitigated by resistance exercise. Faseb J. 2018;32(1):265–275. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700158RR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, JL, Wang, Y, Bergia, RE III, et al. Protein intake greater than the RDA differentially influences whole-body lean mass responses to purposeful catabolic and anabolic stressors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(3):548–558. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, HH, Burns, SF. Oxygen consumption, substrate oxidation, and blood pressure following sprint interval exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2013;38(2):182–187. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore, C, Withers, R. The effect of exercise intensity and duration on the oxygen deficit and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(3):169–174. doi: 10.1007/BF00839153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazell, TJ, Olver, TD, Hamilton, CD, et al. Two minutes of sprint-interval exercise elicits 24-hr oxygen consumption similar to that of 30 min of continuous endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exercise Metab. 2012;22(4):276–283. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.22.4.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laforgia, J, Withers, RT, Gore, CJ. Effects of exercise intensity and duration on the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(12):1247–1264. doi: 10.1080/02640410600552064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouhal, H, Jacob, C, Delamarche, P, et al. Catecholamines and the effects of exercise, training and gender. Sports Med. 2008;38(5):401–423. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200838050-00004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galster, AD, Clutter, WE, Cryer, PE, et al. Epinephrine plasma thresholds for lipolytic effects in man: measurements of fatty acid transport with [l-13C] palmitic acid. J Clin Investig. 1981;67(6):1729–1738. doi: 10.1172/JCI110211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt, LA, Spennetta, T, Elson, C, et al. Utilization and preferred metabolic pathway of ketone bodies for lipid synthesis by isolated rat hepatoma cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 1995;269(1):C22–C7. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.1.C22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannon, MC, Nuttall, FQ. Amino acid ingestion and glucose metabolism—a review. IUBMB Life. 2010;62(9):660–668. doi: 10.1002/iub.375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driss, T, Vandewalle, H. The measurement of maximal (anaerobic) power output on a cycle ergometer: a critical review. Bio Med Res Int. 2013;2013:1–40. doi: 10.1155/2013/589361
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu, B, Robineau, J, Piscione, J, et al. Concurrent training programming: the acute effects of sprint interval exercise on the subsequent strength training. Sports. 2022;10(5):75. doi: 10.3390/sports10050075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balabinis, CP, Psarakis, CH, Moukas, M, et al. Early phase changes by concurrent endurance and strength training. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17(2):393–401. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0393:EPCBCE>2.0.CO;2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glowacki, SP, Martin, SE, Maurer, A, et al. Effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on training outcomes in men. Med & Sci In Sports & Ex. 2004;36:2119–2127. DOI:10.1249/01.MSS.0000147629.74832.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, JM, Marin, PJ, Rhea, MR, et al. Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(8):2293–2307. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823a3e2d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aagaard, P, Andersen, JL. Effects of strength training on endurance capacity in top‐level endurance athletes. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20:39–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01197.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, BR, Hansen, EA, Raastad, T. Effect of heavy strength training on thigh muscle cross-sectional area, performance determinants, and performance in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(5):965–975. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1307-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkola, J, Rusko, H, Izquierdo, M, et al. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular adaptations during concurrent strength and endurance training in untrained men. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(9):702–710. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1295475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadore, EL, Izquierdo, M, Pinto, SS, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent training in the elderly: effects of intrasession exercise sequence. Age. 2013;35(3):891–903. doi: 10.1007/s11357-012-9405-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hickson, R, Dvorak, B, Gorostiaga, E, et al. Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. 1988;65(5):2285–2290. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.5.2285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, AG, Arnall, DA, Loy, SF, et al. Consequences of combining strength and endurance training regimens. Phys Ther. 1990;70(5):287–294. doi: 10.1093/ptj/70.5.287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psilander, N, Frank, P, Flockhart, M, et al. Adding strength to endurance training does not enhance aerobic capacity in cyclists. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(4):e353–e359. doi: 10.1111/sms.12338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri, R, Robinson, I, Moradi, S, et al. Muscle protein synthesis responses following aerobic-based exercise or high-intensity interval training with or without protein ingestion: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2022;52(11):2713–2732. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01707-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey, VG, Hawley, JA. The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sports Med. 2007;37(9):737–763. doi: 10.2165/00007256-200737090-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Y-N, Tseng, T-T, Knuiman, P, et al. Protein supplementation increases adaptations to endurance training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3123–3132. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, SC, Bell, GJ. Whey protein isolate supplementation while endurance training does not Alter cycling performance or immune responses at rest or after exercise. Front Nutr. 2019;6:19. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberson, PA, Romero, MA, Mumford, PW, et al. Protein supplementation throughout 10 weeks of progressive run training is not beneficial for time trial improvement. Front Nutr. 2018;5:97. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2018.00097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonvik, KL, Paulussen, KJ, Danen, SL, et al. Protein supplementation does not augment adaptations to endurance exercise training. Med & Sci In Sports & Ex. 2019;51(10):2041. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, G-J, Rhee, CM, Kalantar-Zadeh, K, et al. The effects of high-protein diets on kidney health and longevity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(8):1667–1679. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020010028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalantar-Zadeh, K, Kramer, HM, Fouque, D. High-protein diet is bad for kidney health: unleashing the taboo. UK: Oxford University Press; 2020. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Schwingshackl, L, Hoffmann, G, Sands, JM. Comparison of high vs. normal/low protein diets on renal function in subjects without chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2014;9(5):e97656. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, BM, Meyer, TW, Hostetter, TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(11):652–659. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198209093071104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouque, D, Laville, M, Boissel, JP 2006 . Low protein diets for chronic kidney disease in non diabetic adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2):1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries, MC, Sithamparapillai, A, Brimble, KS, et al. Changes in kidney function do not differ between healthy adults consuming higher-compared with lower-or normal-protein diets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2018;148(11):1760–1775. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivaraj, G, Prakash, D, Vinayak, H, et al. A review on laboratory liver function tests. Pan Afr Med J. 2009;3:17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicoll, D, Detmer, W. Current medical diagnosis & treatment. Basic Principles of Diagnostic Test Use and Interpretation. 36th edn ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1997. 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Shahbaz, H, Gupta, M, Owais, A. Frequency, awareness, and symptoms of chikungunya among patients in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi: a cross-sectional study. Cureus. 2019;11(2). doi: 10.7759/cureus.4054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosten, AO. BUN and creatinine. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Salem, New Hampshire: Butterworths; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Bijker, K, De Groot, G, Hollander, A. Differences in leg muscle activity during running and cycling in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;87(6):556–561. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0663-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peake, JM, Neubauer, O, Della Gatta, PA, et al. Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2017;122(3):559–570. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar