Prevalence and adverse effects of sport-related nutritional supplements (sport drinks, bars, and gels) in the military before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: the US Military Dietary Supplement Use Study

References

• Kenefick, RW, Cheuvront, SN. Hydration for recreational sport and physical activity. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(suppl 2):S137–928. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00523.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orru, S, Imperlini, E, Nigro, E, et al. Role of functional beverages on sport performance and recovery. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1470. doi: 10.3390/nu10101470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, JJ, Steelman, RA, Hoedebecke, SS, et al. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(1):103–123. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, HR, Stavinoha, TB, McGraw, SM, et al. Use of dietary supplements among active-duty US Army soldiers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92(4):985–995. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, KG, Price, LL, Mcgraw, SM, et al. Demographic, lifestyle factors and reasons for use of dietary supplements by Air Force personnel. Aerosp Med Human Perform. 2016;87(7):628–637. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.4513.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, JJ, Trone, DW, Austin, KG, et al. Prevalence, adverse effects, and factors associated with dietary supplement and nutritional supplement use by United States Navy and marine corps personnel. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(9):1423–1442. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.02.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, JJ, Trone, DW, Steelman, RA, et al. Prevalence, factors associated with use, and adverse effects of sports-related nutritional supplements (sports drinks, sport bars and sport gels): the US military dietary supplement study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00457-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortune Business Insights U.S. Sports drink market size, share & COVID-19 impact analysis, by type (isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic), by packaging type (metal, PET/plastic, and glass), by brand (gatorade, powerade, and others), by target consumer (teenagers, adults, and geriatric), by distribution channel (online and offline), and forecast, 2022-2029. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/us-sports-drink-market-107190. cited 2023 April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Fortune business insights protein bar market size, share & COVID-19 impact analysis, by source (plant-based and animal-based), by type (sports nutritional bars, meal-replacement bars, and others), by distribution channel (mass merchandisers, specialty stores, convenience stores, online channels, others), and regional forecast, 2022-2029. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/protein-bar-market-100805. cited 2023 April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Future Market Insights Energy gel products market. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/energy-gel-products-market. cited 2023 April 10.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, KG, Price, LL, McGraw, SM, et al. Predictors of dietary supplement use by US Coast Guard personnel. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e133006. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, JJ, Trone, DW, Steelman, RA, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with dietary supplement use in a stratified random sample of United States military personnel: the US military dietary supplement use study. J Nutr. 2021;151(11):3495–3506. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik, JJ, Trone, DW, Steelman, RA, et al. Longitudinal changes in dietary supplement use among United States military personnel: the US military dietary supplement use study J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo, MS. Expanding our understanding of dietary supplement use to include both civilian and institutionalized consumers: the US military dietary supplement study. J Nutr. 2021;151(11):3267–3268. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Listing of WHO’s response to COVID-19. https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline. Accessed 11 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, JA, McGraw, SM, Thompson, LA, et al. A survey instrument to assess intake of dietary supplements, related products, and caffeine in high-use populations. J Nutr. 2018;148(Suppl 2):1445S–1451S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health. What is a standard drink? https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/what-standard-drink. Accessed 21 May 2020.
   Google Scholar
• McNemar, Q. Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika. 1947;12(2):153–157. doi: 10.1007/BF02295996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legg, M, Stahlman, S, Chauhan, A, et al. Obesity prevalence among active component service members prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, January 2018-July 2021. MSMR. 2022;29(3):8–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeVane, S Fort Bragg Units Want Soldiers To Stay Fit During COVID-19 Outbreak. https://www.fayobserver.com/story/news/coronavirus/2020/04/04/fort-bragg-units-want-soldiers-to-stay-fit-during-covid-19-outbreak/41772287/. cited 2023 14 April 14.
   Google Scholar
• Aker, JA As fitness tests resume, troops seek post-COVID exercise routines. https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2021/08/31/As-Fitness-Tests-Resume-Troops-Seek-Post-COVID-Exercise-Routines. Accessed 12 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Kullen, C, Prvan, T, O’connor, H. Dietary supplement use in Australian Army personnel. Milit Med. 2019;184(5–6):e290–e297. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usy266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, A, Hughes, J, Izard, RM, et al. Supplement use by UK-based British Army soldiers in training. Br J Nutr. 2014;112(7):1175–1184. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514001597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, N, Laska, MN, Story, M, et al. Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviors among young adults. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(15):2794–2803. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015000191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordrey, K, Keim, SA, Milanaik, R, et al. Adolescent consumption of sport drinks. Pediatrics. 2018;141(6):e20172784. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zytnick, D, Park, S, Onufrak, SJ, et al. Knowledge of sugar content of sport drinks is not associated with sport drink consumption. Am J Health Promot. 2015;30(2):101–108. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.130916-QUAN-479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, RB, Dwyer, JT, Bailey, RL, et al. Use of highly fortified products among US adults. Nutr Today. 2015;50(6):294–300. doi: 10.1097/NT.0000000000000129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paisley, RD. Nutritional and sports supplements used among deployed U.S. Army soldiers in a remote, austere combat outpost in Eastern Afghanistan. Milit Med. 2015;180(4):391–401. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasfield, K. Dietary supplement intake in the active duty enlisted population. US Army Med Dep J. 2004;Oct-Dec:44–56.
   Google Scholar
• Corum, S. Findings of recent surveys on dietary supplements use by military personnel and the general population (appendix C). In: Greenwood M Oria M, editors. Use of dietary supplements by military personnel. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2008. pp. 384–385.
   Google Scholar
• Cassler, NM, Sams, R, Cripe, PA, et al. Patterns and perceptions of supplement use by U.S. Marines deployed to Afghanistan. Milit Med. 2013;178(6):659–664. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boos, CJ, Wheble, GAC, Campbell, MJ, et al. Self-administration of exercise and dietary supplements in deployed British military personnel during operation TELIC 13. J R Army Med Corps. 2010;156(1):32–36. doi: 10.1136/jramc-156-01-07
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Austin, KG, Farina, EK, Lieberman, HR. Self-reported side-effects associated with the use of dietary supplements in an armed forces population. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(3–4):287–295. doi: 10.1002/dta.1905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varney, SM, Ny, PC, Perez, CA, et al. Self-reported dietary supplement use in deployed United States service members pre-deployment vs. during deployment, Afghanistan, 2013–2014. Milit Med Res. 2017;4(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s40779-017-0141-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssen, WF The story of the laws behind the lables. fda.gov/media/116890/download. Accessed 27 July.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Part II: 1938, food, drug, cosmetic act. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fdas-evolving-regulatory-powers/part-ii-1938-food-drug-cosmetic-act. cited 2020 July 27.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Draft guidance for industry: factors that distinguish liquid dietary supplements from beverages, considerations regarding novel ingredients, and labeling for beverages and other conventional foods. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/draft-guidance-industry-factors-distinguish-liquid-dietary-supplements-beverages-considerations. cited July 28 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Public Law 103-417, 103rd Congress https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/dshea_Wording.aspx. Accessed 14 July 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, JD. Why the United States still needs improved dietary supplement regulation and oversight. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83(3):391–393. doi: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Questions and answers on dietary supplements. https://www.fda.gov/food/information-consumers-using-dietary-supplements/questions-and-answers-dietary-supplements. cited July 28.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Lee, JY, et al. Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol. 2003;88(5):879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A. Response bias, social desirability and dissimulation. Pers Individ Diff. 1985;7(3):385–400. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(86)90014-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar