The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit – a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

References

• Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, et al. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(11):681–142. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders B, da Costa LR, de Souza RAS, et al. Chapter three - caffeine and sport. Editor(s): Fidel Toldrá. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2023;106:95–127. Academic Press.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dexheimer JD, Schroeder ET, Sawyer BJ, et al. Physiological performance measures as indicators of Crossfit® performance. Sports. 2019;7(4):93. doi: 10.3390/sports7040093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feito Y, Heinrich KM, Butcher SJ, et al. High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): definition and research implications for improved fitness. Sports. 2018;6(3):76. doi: 10.3390/sports6030076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapsis DP, Tsoukos A, Psarraki MP, et al. Changes in body composition and strength after 12 weeks of high-intensity functional training with two different loads in physically active men and women: a randomized controlled study. Sports. 2022;10(1):7. doi: 10.3390/sports10010007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski K, Zawieja EE, Zawieja BE, et al. Evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of the cross-training specific fight gone bad workout and its relation to aerobic fitness. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7263. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86660-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo Calvo J, Fei X, Domínguez R, et al. Caffeine and cognitive functions in sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):868. doi: 10.3390/nu13030868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogervorst E, Riedel WJ, Kovacs E, et al. Caffeine improves cognitive performance after strenuous physical exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1999;20(6):354–361. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello ML, Walker AJ, McFadden BA, et al. The effects of TeaCrine® and caffeine on endurance and cognitive performance during a simulated match in high-level soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0287-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briggs I, Chidley JB, Chidley C, et al. Effects of caffeine ingestion on human standing balance: a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3527. doi: 10.3390/nu13103527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest N, Corey P, Vescovi J, et al. Caffeine, CYP1A2 genotype, and endurance performance in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(8):1570–1578. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto G, Grecco B, Merola P, et al. Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121(3):749–769. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehlig A, Alexander SPH. Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70(2):384–411. doi: 10.1124/pr.117.014407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magkos F, Kavouras SA. Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2005;45(7–8):535–562. doi: 10.1080/1040-830491379245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski K, Kamińska J, Saunders B, et al. Does sodium bicarbonate based extra-cellular buffering support reduce high intensity exercise-induced fatigue and enhance short-term recovery assessed by selected blood biochemical indices? Biol Sport. 2023;41(1):17–27. doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.125591
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski K, Domagalski A, Główka N, et al. Effect of a four-week vegan diet on performance, training efficiency and blood biochemical indices in crossfit-trained participants. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):894. doi: 10.3390/nu14040894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski, K, Nowaczyk, PM, Główka, N, et al. Dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on judo-specific performance and training activity: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019;16(1):38. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0305-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieber K. The impact of coffee on health. Planta Med. 2017;83(16):1256–1263. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-115007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski K, Zawieja EE, Podgórski T, et al. The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. PloS One. 2018;13(5):e0197480. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baláková V, Boschek P, Skalíková L. Selected cognitive abilities in elite youth soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2015;49(1):267–276. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnet CT. Advantages and disadvantages of stiffness instructions when studying postural control. Gait Posture. 2016;46:208–210. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.12.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Melick N, Meddeler BM, Hoogeboom TJ, et al. How to determine leg dominance: the agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PloS One. 2017;12(12):e0189876. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawieja E, Chmurzynska A, Anioła J, et al. The effect of caffeine supplementation on resistance and jumping exercise: the interaction with CYP1A2 and ADORA2A genotypes. Nutraceuticals. 2023;3(2):274–289. doi: 10.3390/nutraceuticals3020022
   Google Scholar
• Kim HY. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restor Dent Endod. 2013;38(1):52–54. doi: 10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fogaça LJ, Santos SL, Soares RC, et al. Effect of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, power, markers of muscle damage, and perceived exertion in trained CrossFit men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020;60(2):181–188. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.19.10043-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JA, Ramirez M, Heinrich KM. Acute caffeine supplementation does not improve performance in trained Crossfit® athletes. Sports. 2020;8(4):54. doi: 10.3390/sports8040054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziyaiyan A, Shabkhiz F, Hofmeister M. Supplementation of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate together could not improve performance and performance-related factors in CrossFit participants: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2023;20(1):2206390. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2206390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caetano ML, Souza MLR, Loureiro LL, et al. The effects of acute caffeine supplementation on performance in trained CrossFit® athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial. Science & Sports. 2023;38(7):701–707. doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto G, Esteves G, Marticorena F, et al. Caffeine, CYP1A2 genotype and exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023; Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37844569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton JL, Dinas PC, Carrillo AE, et al. Impact of genetic variability on physiological responses to caffeine in humans: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2018;10(10):1373. doi: 10.3390/nu10101373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Womack CJ, Saunders MJ, Bechtel MK, et al. The influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2012;9(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong O, Marshall K, Sicova M, et al. CYP1A2 genotype modifies the effects of caffeine compared with placebo on muscle strength in competitive male athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2021;31(5):420–426. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carswell AT, Howland K, Martinez-Gonzalez B, et al. The effect of caffeine on cognitive performance is influenced by CYP1A2 but not ADORA2A genotype, yet neither genotype affects exercise performance in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120(7):1495–1508. doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04384-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giersch GEW, Boyett JC, Hargens TA, et al. The effect of the CYP1A2 −163 C > a polymorphism on caffeine metabolism and subsequent cycling performance. J Caffeine Adenosine Res. 2018;8(2):65–70. doi: 10.1089/caff.2017.0028
   Google Scholar
• Glaister M, Chopra K, Pereira De Sena AL, et al. Caffeine, exercise physiology, and time-trial performance: no effect of ADORA2A or CYP1A2 genotypes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46(6):541–551. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Pickering C, Bishop DJ, et al. CYP1A2 genotype and acute effects of caffeine on resistance exercise, jumping, and sprinting performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00349-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loy BD, O’Connor PJ, Lindheimer JB, et al. Caffeine is ergogenic for adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) t allele homozygotes: a pilot study. J Caffeine Res. 2015;5(2):73–81. doi: 10.1089/jcr.2014.0035
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz A, López-Samanes Á, Aguilar-Navarro M, et al. Effects of CYP1A2 and ADORA2A genotypes on the ergogenic response to caffeine in professional handball players. Genes. 2020;11(8):933. doi: 10.3390/genes11080933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaister M, Williams BH, Muniz-Pumares D, et al. The effects of caffeine supplementation on physiological responses to submaximal exercise in endurance-trained men. PloS One. 2016;11(8):e0161375. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black CD, Waddell DE, Gonglach AR. Caffeine’s ergogenic effects on cycling: neuromuscular and perceptual factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(6):1145–1158. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham TE, Helge JW, MacLean DA, et al. Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. J Physiol. 2000;529(Pt 3):837–847. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00837.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadheim HK, Kvamme B, Olsen R, et al. Caffeine increases performance in cross-country double-poling time trial exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(11):2175–2183. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182967948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmonds MJ, Minahan CL, Sabapathy S. Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(2):287–295. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1351-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis JK, Green JM. Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med. 2009;39(10):813–832. doi: 10.2165/11317770-000000000-00000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson GC, Horning MA, Lehman SL, et al. Pyruvate shuttling during rest and exercise before and after endurance training in men. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(1):317–325. (1985). doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01367.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podgorski T, Adrian J, Nowak A. Changes in lactate, pyruvate and glucose levels in field hockey players under different training and match stimuli. Trends Sport Sci. 2015;3(22):145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Mikulic P, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. The influence of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise: a review. Sports Med. 2019;49(1):17–30. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0997-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty M, Smith PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(2):69–78. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan MJ, Oxford SW. The effect of caffeine ingestion on mood state and bench press performance to failure. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(1):178–185. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318201bddb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford DA, Drake NB, Carper MJ, et al. Validity, reliability, and application of the session-RPE method for quantifying training loads during high intensity functional training. Sports. 2018;6(3):84. doi: 10.3390/sports6030084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunsawat K, White DW, Kappus RM, et al. Caffeine delays autonomic recovery following acute exercise. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(11):1473–1479. doi: 10.1177/2047487314554867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamim CJR, Kliszczewicz B, Garner DM, et al. Is caffeine recommended before exercise? a systematic review to investigate its impact on cardiac autonomic control via heart rate and its variability. J Am Coll Nutr. 2020;39(6):563–573. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1705201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirmaul BPC, de Moraes AC, Angius L, et al. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(1):27–38. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3496-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Silva JP, Silva Santos JF, Branco BHM, et al. Caffeine ingestion increases estimated glycolytic metabolism during taekwondo combat simulation but does not improve performance or parasympathetic reactivation. PloS One. 2015;10(11):e0142078. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzaga LA, Vanderlei LCM, Gomes RL, et al. Caffeine affects autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure recovery after aerobic exercise in young adults: a crossover study. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):14091. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14540-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kliszczewicz B, Bechke E, Williamson C, et al. The influence of citrus aurantium and caffeine complex versus placebo on the cardiac autonomic response: a double blind crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018;15(1):34. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0240-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saville CWN, de Morree HM, Dundon NM, et al. Effects of caffeine on reaction time are mediated by attentional rather than motor processes. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2018;235(3):749–759. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4790-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Share B, Sanders N, Kemp J. Caffeine and performance in clay target shooting. J Sports Sci. 2009;27(6):661–666. doi: 10.1080/02640410902741068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church DD, Hoffman JR, LaMonica MB, et al. The effect of an acute ingestion of Turkish coffee on reaction time and time trial performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0098-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowe MJ, Leicht AS, Spinks WL. Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated, high-intensity exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006;16(5):528–544. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.16.5.528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell M, Reynolds NA, Crewther BT, et al. Physiological and performance effects of caffeine gum consumed during a simulated half-time by professional academy rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(1):145–151. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A, O’Donnell, J, Von Hurst, P, et al. Caffeine ingestion enhances perceptual responses during intermittent exercise in female team-game players. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(4):330–341. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1052746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salinero JJ, Lara B, Ruiz-Vicente D, et al. CYP1A2 genotype variations do not modify the benefits and drawbacks of caffeine during exercise: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):269. doi: 10.3390/nu9030269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuotto E, Mattila MJ, Seppälä T, et al. Coffee and caffeine and alcohol effects on psychomotor function. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1982;31(1):68–76. doi: 10.1038/clpt.1982.11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift CG, Tiplady B. The effects of age on the response to caffeine. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 1988;94(1):29–31. doi: 10.1007/BF00735876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liguori A, Robinson JH. Caffeine antagonism of alcohol-induced driving impairment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;63(2):123–129. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00196-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Waer F, Laatar R, Srihi S, et al. Acute effects of low versus high caffeine dose consumption on postural balance in middle-aged women. J Women Aging. 2021;33(6):620–634. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2020.1735288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaister M. Multiple-sprint work: methodological, physiological, and experimental issues. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;3(1):107–112. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.3.1.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar