Alcohol Use, Problems, and the Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study of Female Crime Victims

REFERENCES

• Acierno , R. , Resnick , H. , Kilpatrick , D. G. , Saunders , B. and Best , C. L. 1999 . Risk factors for rape, physical assault, and posttraumatic stress disorder in women: Examination of differential multivariate relationships . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 13 ( 6 ) : 541 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back , S. E. , Sonne , S. C. , Killeen , T. , Dansky , B. S. and Brady , K. T. 2003 . Comparative profiles of women with PTSD and comorbid cocaine or alcohol dependence . American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse , 29 ( 1 ) : 169 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake , D. D. , Weathers , F. W. , Nagy , L. M. , Kaloupek , D. G. , Gusman , F. D. , Charney , D. S. and Keane , T. M. 1995 . The development of a clinician-administered PTSD scale . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 75 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , E. B. , Hickling , E. J. , Barton , K. A. , Taylor , A. E. , Loos , W. R. and Jones-Alexander , J. 1996 . One-year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 34 : 775 – 786 . doi: doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00038-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonanno , G. A. 2004 . Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? . American Psychologist , 59 : 20 – 28 . doi: doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Valentine , J. D. 2000 . Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 : 748 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrod , P. J. and Stewart , S. H. 2003 . “ Experimental studies exploring functional relations between posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder ” . In Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders , Edited by: Ouimette , P. and Brown , P. J. 57 – 71 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Cottler , L. B. , Compton , W. M. , Mager , D. , Spitznagel , E. L. and Janca , A. 1992 . Posttraumatic stress disorder among substance users from the general population . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 ( 5 ) : 664 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cougle , J. R. , Resnick , H. and Kilpatrick , D. G. 2009 . A prospective examination of PTSD symptoms as risk factors for subsequent exposure to potentially traumatic events among women . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 118 : 405 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First , M. B. , Spitzer , R. L. , Gibbon , M. and Williams , J. B. W. 2001 . Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis disorders, research version, patient edition with Psychotic Screen (SCID-I/P W/ PSY SCREEN) , New York, NY : Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Flood , A. M. , McDevitt-Murphy , M. E. , Weathers , F. W. , Eakin , D. E. and Benson , T. A. 2009 . Substance use behaviors as a mediator between posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health in trauma-exposed college students . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 32 : 234 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. , Huppert , J. D. and Cahill , S. P. 2006 . “ Emotional processing theory: An update ” . In Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment , Edited by: Rothbaum , B. O. 3 – 24 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Foa , E. B. and Rothbaum , B. O. 1998 . Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD , New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Forcehimes , A. A. , Tonigan , J. S. , Miller , W. R. , Kenna , G. A. and Baer , J. S. 2006 . Psychometrics of the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC) . Addictive Behaviors , 32 : 1699 – 1704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman , A. and Hill , J. 2007 . Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models , New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Girelli , S. A. , Resick , P. A. , Marhoefer-Dvorak , S. and Hutter , C. K. 1986 . Subjective distress violence during rape: Their effects on long-term fear . Violence and Victims , 1 : 35 – 45 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedtke , K. , Ruggiero , K. , Fitzgerald , M. , Zinzow , H. , Saunders , B. , Resnick , H. and Kilpatrick , D. 2008 . A longitudinal investigation of interpersonal violence in relation to mental health and substance use . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 76 : 633 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen, D., Dillworth, T. M., Simpson, T., Waldrop, A., Larimer, M. E., & Resick, P. A. (2007). Domestic violence and alcohol use: Trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1272–1283.
   Google Scholar
• Kaysen , D. , Simpson , T. , Dillworth , T. , Larimer , M. E. , Gutner , C. and Resick , P. A. 2006 . Alcohol problems and posttraumatic stress disorder in female crime victims . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 19 ( 3 ) : 399 – 403 . doi: doi:10.1002/jts
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Chiu , W. T. , Demler , O. and Walters , E. E. 2005 . Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 617 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Crum , R. M. , Warner , L. A. , Nelson , C. B. , Schulenberg , J. and Anthony , J. C. 1997 . Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Sonnega , A. , Bromet , E. , Hughes , M. and Nelson , C. B. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 52 ( 12 ) : 1048 – 1060 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick , D. G. , Veronen , L. J. and Best , C. L. 1985 . “ Factors predicting psychological distress among rape victims ” . In Trauma and its wake , Edited by: Figley , C. R. 113 – 141 . New York, NY : Brunner/Mazel .
   Google Scholar
• Kubany , E. S. , Haynes , S. N. , Leisen , M. B. , Owens , J. A. , Kaplan , A. S. , Watson , S. B. and Burns , K. 2000 . Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire . Psychological Assessment , 12 : 210 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larimer , M. E. , Turner , A. P. , Anderson , B. K. , Fader , J. S. , Kilmer , J. R. , Palmer , R. S. and Cronce , J. M. 2001 . Evaluating a brief alcohol intervention with fraternities . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 62 : 370 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litz , B. T. , Gray , M. J. , Bryant , R. A. and Adler , A. B. 2002 . Early intervention for trauma: Current status and future directions . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 9 : 112 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matar , M. A. , Zohar , J. , Kaplan , Z. and Cohen , H. 2009 . Alprazolam treatment immediately after stress exposure interferes with the normal HPA-stress response and increases vulnerability to subsequent stress in an animal model of PTSD . European Neuropsychopharmacology , 19 : 283 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCauley , J. L. , Amstadter , A. B. , Danielson , C. K. , Ruggiero , K. J. , Kilpatrick , D. G. and Resnick , H. S. 2009 . Mental health and rape history in relation to non-medical use of prescription drugs in a national sample of women . Addictive Behaviors , 34 : 641 – 648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , A. C. , Browne , D. , Bryant , R. A. , O’Donnell , M. , Silove , D. , Creamer , M. and Horsley , K. 2009 . A longitudinal analysis of alcohol consumption and the risk of posttraumatic symptoms . Journal of Affective Disorders , 118 : 166 – 172 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , B. and Marlatt , A. 1984 . Manual for the Comprehensive Drinker Profile , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , K. L. , Teeson , M. , Ross , J. and Peters , L. 2006 . Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey . American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 651 – 658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell , M. L. , Elliot , P. , Lau , W. and Creamer , M. 2007 . PTSD symptom trajectories: From early to chronic response . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 45 : 601 – 606 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozer , E. J. , Best , S. R. , Lipsey , T. L. and Weiss , D. W. 2003 . Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 52 – 73 . doi: doi:10.1037/0033–2909.129.1.52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro , J. , Bates , D. , DebRoy , S. , Sarkar , D. and the R Development Core Team . 2010 . nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models , [Software] R package version 3.1–97
   Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. , Curran , P. J. and Bauer , D. J. 2006 . Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis . Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics , 31 : 437 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project MATCH Research Group . 1997 . Matching alcoholism treatments to client heterogeneity: Project MATCH posttreatment drinking outcomes . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 58 : 7 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team . 2010 . R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [Software] , Vienna : R Foundation for Statistical Computing . Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S. W. and Bryk , A. S. 2002 . Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , L. A. , Capone , C. , Sheets , E. , Young , D. , Chelminski , I. and Zimmerman , M. 2009 . Posttraumatic stress disorder with and without alcohol use disorders: Diagnostic and clinical correlates in a psychiatric sample . Psychiatry Research , 170 : 278 – 281 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read , J. P. , Brown , P. J. and Kahler , C. W. 2004 . Substance use and posttraumatic stress disorders: Symptom interplay and effects on outcome . Addictive Behaviors , 29 : 1665 – 1672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , H. , Acierno , R. , Amstadter , A. B. , Self-Brown , S. and Kilpatrick , D. G. 2007 . An acute post-sexual assault intervention to prevent drug abuse: Updated findings . Addictive Behaviors , 32 : 2032 – 2045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs , D. S. , Rothbaum , B. O. and Foa , E. B. 1995 . A prospective examination of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of nonsexual assault . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 10 ( 2 ) : 201 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs , D. S. , Rukstalis , M. , Volpicelli , J. R. , Kalmanson , D. and Foa , E. B. 2003 . Demographic and social adjustment characteristics of patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: Potential pitfalls to PTSD treatment . Addictive Behaviors , 28 : 1717 – 1730 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , N. P. , Kitchiner , N. J. , Kenardy , J. and Bisson , J. I. 2009 . Systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple-session early interventions following traumatic events . American Journal of Psychiatry , 166 : 293 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , P. 2002 . Covariance adjustment in randomized experiments and observational studies . Statistical Science , 17 : 286 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbaum , B. O. , Foa , E. B. , Riggs , D. S. , Murdock , T. and Walsh , W. 1992 . A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 5 ( 3 ) : 455 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell , L. C. , Brown , J. , Leo , G. I. and Sobell , M. B. 1996 . The reliability of the alcohol timeline followback when administered by telephone and by computer . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 42 : 49 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobell , L. C. and Sobell , M. B. 1992 . “ Timeline follow-back: A technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption ” . In Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods , Edited by: Litten , R. Z. and Allen , J. P. 41 – 72 . Totowa, NJ : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , S. H. , Conrod , P. J. , Pihl , R. O. and Dongier , M. 1999 . Relations between posttraumatic stress symptom dimensions and substance dependence in a community-recruited sample of substance abusing women . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 13 ( 2 ) : 78 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , S. H. , Ouimette , P. and Brown , P. J. 2002 . “ Gender and the comorbidity of PTSD with substance use disorders ” . In Gender and PTSD , Edited by: Kimerling , R. , Ouimette , P. and Wolfe , J. 232 – 270 . New York, NY : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , A. P. , Larimer , M. E. and Sarason , I. G. 2000 . Family risk factors for alcohol-related consequences and poor adjustment in fraternity and sorority members: Exploring the role of parent-child conflict . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 61 : 818 – 826 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman , S. E. , Filipas , H. H. , Townsend , S. M. and Stazynski , L. L. 2006 . Correlates of comorbid PTSD and drinking problems among sexual assault survivors . Addictive Behaviors , 31 : 128 – 132 . doi: doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman , S. E. , Starzynski , L. L. , Long , S. M. , Mason , G. E. and Long , L. M. 2008 . Exploring the relationships of women's sexual assault disclosure, social reactions, and problem drinking . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 23 : 1235 – 1257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. F. , Grossman , D. C. , Russo , J. E. , Pynoos , R. , Berliner , L. , Jurkovich , G. and …Rivara , F. P. 2006 . Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms longitudinally in a representative sample of hospitalized injured adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 24 ( 10 ) : 1188 – 1195 . doi: doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000231975.21096.45
   Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. F. , Kang , S. M. , Muller , H. G. , Russo , J. E. , Rivara , F. P. , Katon , W. and …Roy-Byrne , P. 2002 . Predicting posttraumatic distress in hospitalized trauma survivors with acute injuries . American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 ( 6 ) : 941 – 946 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. and Roy-Byrne , P. P. 2006 . From bedside to bench: How the epidemiology of clinical practice can inform the secondary prevention of PTSD . Psychiatric Services , 57 : 1726 – 1730 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. , Roy-Byrne , P. , Russo , J. , Rivara , F. , Droesch , R. , Wagner , A. and …Katon , W. 2004 . A randomized effectiveness trial of stepped collaborative care for acutely injured trauma survivors . Archives of General Psychiatry , 61 : 498 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Rodriguez , B. F. , Weisberg , R. B. , Bruce , S. E. , Spencer , M. A. , Culpepper , L. and Keller , M. B. 2004 . Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder and predictors of the course of posttraumatic stress disorder among primary care patients . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease , 192 : 153 – 159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar