Sleep in Schizophrenia and Substance Use Disorders: A Review of the Literature

REFERENCES

• Allen , R. P. , Picchietti , D. , Hening , W. A. , Trenkwalder , C. , Walters , A. S. , Montplaisi , J. and … International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group . 2003 . Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health . Sleep Medicine , 4 ( 2 ) : 101 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ancoli-Israel , S. , Martin , J. , Jones , D. W. , Caligiuri , M. , Patterson , T. , Harris , M. J. and Jeste , D. V. 1999 . Sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements in sleep in older patients with schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 45 ( 11 ) : 1426 – 1432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton , C. H. 2001 . Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review . The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science , 178 : 101 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora , R. N. , Kristo , D. A. , Bista , S. R. , Rowley , J. A. , Zak , R. S. , Casey , K. R. and … Rosenberg , R. S. 2012 . The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults-an update for 2012: Practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analyses . Sleep , 35 ( 8 ) : 1039 – 1062 . doi: 10.5665/sleep.1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baekeland , F. , Lundwall , L. , Shanahan , T. J. and Kissin , B. 1974 . Clinical correlates of reported sleep disturbance in alcoholics . Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 35 ( 4 Pt A ) : 1230 – 1241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barratt , E. S. , Beaver , W. and White , R. 1974 . The effects of marijuana on human sleep patterns . Biological Psychiatry , 8 ( 1 ) : 47 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basner , R. C. 2007 . Continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea . The New England Journal of Medicine , 356 ( 17 ) : 1751 – 1758 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMct066953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , M. D. , Lysaker , P. H. , Milstein , R. M. and Beam-Goulet , J. L. 1994 . Concurrent validity of the cognitive component of schizophrenia: Relationship of PANSS scores to neuropsychological assessments . Psychiatry Research , 54 ( 1 ) : 51 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benca , R. M. , Obermeyer , W. H. , Thisted , R. A. and Gillin , J. C. 1992 . Sleep and psychiatric disorders. A meta-analysis . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 ( 8 ) : 651 – 668 . discussion 669–670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , K. L. 2006 . Sleep in schizophrenia: Impairments, correlates, and treatment . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 29 ( 4 ) : 1033 – 1045 . abstract ix–x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , K. L. 2008 . Sleep in schizophrenia . Sleep Medicine Clinics , 3 ( 2 ) : 251 – 260 . doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2008.01.001
   Google Scholar
• Benson , K. L. , Faull , K. F. and Zarcone , V. P. Jr. 1991 . Evidence for the role of serotonin in the regulation of slow wave sleep in schizophrenia . Sleep , 14 ( 2 ) : 133 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum , K. , Sheridan , P. J. , Wood , R. C. , Braverman , E. R. , Chen , T. J. , Cull , J. G. and Comings , D. E. 1996 . The D2 dopamine receptor gene as a determinant of reward deficiency syndrome . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine , 89 ( 7 ) : 396 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolla , K. I. , Lesage , S. R. , Gamaldo , C. E. , Neubauer , D. N. , Funderburk , F. R. , Cadet , J. L. and … Benbrook , A. R. 2008 . Sleep disturbance in heavy marijuana users . Sleep , 31 ( 6 ) : 901 – 908 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower , K. J. 2003 . Insomnia, alcoholism and relapse . Sleep Medicine Reviews , 7 ( 6 ) : 523 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower , K. J. , Aldrich , M. S. and Hall , J. M. 1998 . Polysomnographic and subjective sleep predictors of alcoholic relapse . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 22 ( 8 ) : 1864 – 1871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower , K. J. , Aldrich , M. S. , Robinson , E. A. , Zucker , R. A. and Greden , J. F. 2001 . Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 ( 3 ) : 399 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower , K. J. , Krentzman , A. and Robinson , E. A. 2011 . Persistent insomnia, abstinence, and moderate drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals . American Journal on Addictions , 20 ( 5 ) : 435 – 440 . doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00152.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , S. , Inskip , H. and Barraclough , B. 2000 . Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 177 : 212 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budney , A. J. , Moore , B. A. , Vandrey , R. G. and Hughes , J. R. 2003 . The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 112 ( 3 ) : 393 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , C. K. , Peirce , J. M. , Kidorf , M. S. , Neubauer , D. , Punjabi , N. M. , Stoller , K. B. and … Brooner , R. K. 2008 . Sleep problems reported by patients entering opioid agonist treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 35 ( 3 ) : 328 – 333 . doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2007.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , M. E. , Brill , J. , Bonnavion , P. , Huguenard , J. R. , Huerta , R. and de Lecea , L. 2012 . Mechanism for hypocretin-mediated sleep-to-wake transitions . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 109 ( 39 ) : E2635 – E2644 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202526109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , R. A. , Krystal , J. H. and Self , D. W. 2001 . A neurobiological basis for substance abuse comorbidity in schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 50 ( 2 ) : 71 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chouinard , S. , Poulin , J. , Stip , E. and Godbout , R. 2004 . Sleep in untreated patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 ( 4 ) : 957 – 967 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohrs , S. 2008 . Sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia: Impact and effect of antipsychotics . CNS Drugs , 22 ( 11 ) : 939 – 962 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colrain , I. M. , Turlington , S. and Baker , F. C. 2009 . Impact of alcoholism on sleep architecture and EEG power spectra in men and women . Sleep , 32 ( 10 ) : 1341 – 1352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copersino , M. L. , Boyd , S. J. , Tashkin , D. P. , Huestis , M. A. , Heishman , S. J. , Dermand , J. C. and …. Gorelick , D. A. 2006 . Cannabis withdrawal among non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis users . American Journal on Addictions , 15 ( 1 ) : 8 – 14 . doi: 10.1080/10550490500418997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousens , K. and DiMascio , A. 1973 . (-)Delta 9 THC as an hypnotic. An experimental study of three dose levels . Psychopharmacologia , 33 ( 4 ) : 355 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel , B. J. , Heithoff , K. A. and Lawson , W. 1993 . Correlates of patterns of substance abuse among patients with schizophrenia . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 44 ( 3 ) : 247 – 251 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalley , J. W. , Fryer , T. D. , Brichard , L. , Robinson , E. S. , Theobald , D. E. , Laane , K. and … Robbins , T. W. 2007 . Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement . Science , 315 ( 5816 ) : 1267 – 1270 . doi: 10.1126/science.1137073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leon , J. and Diaz , Francisco J. 2005 . A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors . Schizophrenia Research , 76 ( 2–3 ) : 135 – 157 . doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutch , A. Y. and Bubser , M. 2007 . The orexins/hypocretins and schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 33 ( 6 ) : 1277 – 1283 . doi: 10.1093/ schbul/sbm096
   Google Scholar
• Dimsdale , J. E. , Norman , D. , DeJardin , D. and Wallace , M. S. 2007 . The effect of opioids on sleep architecture . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine , 3 ( 1 ) : 33 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond , S. P. , Gillin , J. C. , Smith , T. L. and DeModena , A. 1998 . The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: Natural course and relationship to relapse . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 22 ( 8 ) : 1796 – 1802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edinger , J. D. , Olsen , M. K. , Stechuchak , K. M. , Means , M. K. , Lineberger , M. D. , Kirby , A. and Carney , C. E. 2009 . Cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with primary insomnia or insomnia associated predominantly with mixed psychiatric disorders: A randomized clinical trial . Sleep , 32 ( 4 ) : 499 – 510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finelli , L. A. , Borbely , A. A. and Achermann , P. 2001 . Functional topography of the human non-REM sleep electroencephalogram . The European Journal of Neuroscience , 13 ( 12 ) : 2282 – 2290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , D. E. and Kamerow , D. B. 1989 . Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention? . JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 262 ( 11 ) : 1479 – 1484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foti , D. J. , Kotov , R. , Guey , L. T. and Bromet , E. J. 2010 . Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalization . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 167 ( 8 ) : 987 – 993 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09020189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguli , R. , Reynolds , C. F. III and Kupfer , D. J. 1987 . Electroencephalographic sleep in young, never-medicated schizophrenics. A comparison with delusional and nondelusional depressives and with healthy controls . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 ( 1 ) : 36 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A. I. , Zimmet , S. V. , Strous , R. D. and Schildkraut , J. J. 1999 . Clozapine for comorbid substance use disorder and schizophrenia: Do patients with schizophrenia have a reward-deficiency syndrome that can be ameliorated by clozapine? . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 6 ( 6 ) : 287 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , M. F. , Kern , R. S. , Braff , D. L. and Mintz , J. 2000 . Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Are we measuring the “right stuff”? . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 26 ( 1 ) : 119 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haffmans , P. M. , Hoencamp , E. , Knegtering , H. J. and van Heycop ten Ham , B. F. 1994 . Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 165 ( 5 ) : 697 – 698 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halikas , J. A. , Weller , R. A. , Morse , C. L. and Hoffmann , R. G. 1985 . A longitudinal study of marijuana effects . International Journal of the Addictions , 20 ( 5 ) : 701 – 711 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter , J. R. , Lysaker , P. H. and Mayeda , A. R. 2005 . Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping . BMC Psychiatry , 5 : 13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter , J. R. , Mayeda , A. R. , Happel , C. G. and Lysaker , P. H. 2003 . Sleep and daily activity preferences in schizophrenia: Associations with neurocognition and symptoms . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 191 ( 6 ) : 408 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iber , C. , Ancoli-Israel , S. and Quan , S. F. 2007 . The AASM Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events , Westchester , IL : American Academy of Sleep Medicine .
   Google Scholar
• Jaehne , A. , Unbehaun , T. , Feige , B. , Lutz , U. C. , Batra , A. and Riemann , D. 2012 . How smoking affects sleep: A polysomnographical analysis . Sleep Medicine , 13 : 1286 – 1292 . doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.06.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson , C. E. , Roehrs , T. , Schuh , K. and Warbasse , L. 1999 . The effects of cocaine on mood and sleep in cocaine-dependent males . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 7 ( 4 ) : 338 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang , S. G. , Lee , H. J. , Jung , S. W. , Cho , S. N. , Han , C. , Kim , Y. K. and … Kim , L. 2007 . Characteristics and clinical correlates of restless legs syndrome in schizophrenia . Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 31 ( 5 ) : 1078 – 1083 . doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashyap , R. , Hock , L. M. and Bowman , T. J. 2001 . Higher prevalence of smoking in patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea . Sleep Breath , 5 ( 4 ) : 167 – 172 . doi: 10.1007/s11325-001-0167-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keshavan , M. S. , Miewald , J. , Haas , G. , Sweeney , J. , Ganguli , R. and Reynolds , C. F. 1995 . Slow-wave sleep and symptomatology in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 29 ( 4 ) : 303 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , R. C. , Crum , R. M. , Warner , L. A. , Nelson , C. B. , Schulenberg , J. and Anthony , J. C. 1997 . Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey . Archives of General Psychiatry , 54 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian , E. J. 1985 . The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 142 ( 11 ) : 1259 – 1264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian , E. J. 1997 . The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications . Harvard Review of Psychiatry , 4 ( 5 ) : 231 – 244 . doi: 10.3109/10673229709030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , A. K. , Brown , R. M. and Lawrence , A. J. 2012 . The role of orexins/hypocretins in alcohol use and abuse: An appetitive-reward relationship . Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , 6 : 78 doi: 10.3389/ fnbeh.2012.00078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryger , M. H. , Roth , T. and Dement, William , C. 2000 . Principles and practice of sleep medicine (3rd ed.) , Philadelphia , PA : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Kryger , M. H. , Roth , T. and Dement , William C. 2011 . Principles and practice of sleep medicine , Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier . (5th ed.).
   Google Scholar
• Krystal , A. D. and Edinger , J. D. 2010 . Sleep EEG predictors and correlates of the response to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia . Sleep , 33 ( 5 ) : 669 – 677 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal , A. D. , Thakur , M. and Roth , T. 2008 . Sleep disturbance in psychiatric disorders: Effects on function and quality of life in mood disorders, alcoholism, and schizophrenia . Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists , 20 ( 1 ) : 39 – 46 . doi: 10.1080/10401230701844661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal , C. , Strange , C. and Bachman , D. 2012 . Neurocognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea . Chest , 141 ( 6 ) : 1601 – 1610 . doi: 10.1378/chest.11–2214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavigne , G. L. , Lobbezoo , F. , Rompre , P. H. , Nielsen , T. A. and Montplaisir , J. 1997 . Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism . Sleep , 20 ( 4 ) : 290 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , J. A. , Stroup , T. S. , McEvoy , J. P. , Swartz , M. S. , Rosenheck , R. A. , Perkins , D. O. and … Hsiao , J. K. 2005 . Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia . The New England Journal of Medicine , 353 ( 12 ) : 1209 – 1223 . doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , Y. N. , Li , Q. Y. and Zhang , X. J. 2012 . Interaction between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea: Not just participants . Chinese Medical Journal (Engl.) , 125 ( 17 ) : 3150 – 3156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maixner , S. , Tandon , R. , Eiser , A. , Taylor , S. , DeQuardo , J. R. and Shipley , J. 1998 . Effects of antipsychotic treatment on polysomnographic measures in schizophrenia: A replication and extension . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 ( 11 ) : 1600 – 1602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , S. S. and Gorelick , D. A. 2011 . Conditional substance abuse and dependence by diagnosis of mood or anxiety disorder or schizophrenia in the U.S. population . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 119 : 1 – 2 . 28 – 36 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuskey , D. , Pittman , B. , Forselius , E. , Malison , R. T. and Morgan , P. T. 2011 . A multistudy analysis of the effects of early cocaine abstinence on sleep . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 115 ( 1–2 ) : 62 – 66 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , H. , Johnson , S. , Amponsah-Afuwape , S. , Finch , E. , Leese , M. and Thornicroft , G. 2003 . Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder . Psychiatric Services , 54 ( 4 ) : 554 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone , P. , Maj , M. , Fusco , M. , Kemali , D. and Reiter , R. J. 1992 . Depressed nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in drug-free paranoid schizophrenics . Schizophrenia Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 77 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , J. M. and Monti , D. 2004 . Sleep in schizophrenia patients and the effects of antipsychotic drugs . Sleep Medicine Reviews , 8 ( 2 ) : 133 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , J. M. and Monti , D. 2005 . Sleep disturbance in schizophrenia . International Review of Psychiatry , 17 ( 4 ) : 247 – 253 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. T. and Malison , R. T. 2007 . Cocaine and sleep: Early abstinence . Scientific World Journal , 7 : 223 – 230 . doi: 10.1100/tsw.2007.209
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. T. , Pace-Schott , E. F. , Sahul , Z. H. , Coric , V. , Stickgold , R. and Malison , R. T. 2006 . Sleep, sleep-dependent procedural learning and vigilance in chronic cocaine users: Evidence for occult insomnia . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 82 ( 3 ) : 238 – 249 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. T. , Pace-Schott , E. F. , Sahul , Z. H. , Coric , V. , Stickgold , R. and Malison , R. T. 2008 . Sleep architecture, cocaine and visual learning . Addiction , 103 ( 8 ) : 1344 – 1352 . doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02233.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. T. , Pace-Schott , E. , Pittman , B. , Stickgold , R. and Malison , R. T. 2010 . Normalizing effects of modafinil on sleep in chronic cocaine users . American Journal of Psychiatry , 167 ( 3 ) : 331 – 340 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin , C. M. , Vallieres , A. , Guay , B. , Ivers , H. , Savard , J. , Merette , C. and … Baillargeon , L. 2009 . Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: A randomized controlled trial . JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 301 ( 19 ) : 2005 – 2015 . doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neylan , T. C. , van Kammen , D. P. , Kelley , M. E. and Peters , J. L. 1992 . Sleep in schizophrenic patients on and off haloperidol therapy. Clinically stable vs relapsed patients . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 ( 8 ) : 643 – 649 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishino , S. , Ripley , B. , Mignot , E. , Benson , K. L. and Zarcone , V. P. 2002 . CSF hypocretin-1 levels in schizophrenics and controls: Relationship to sleep architecture . Psychiatry Research , 110 ( 1 ) : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noordsy , D. L. , Drake , R. E. , Teague , G. B. , Osher , F. C. , Hurlbut , S. C. , Beaudett , M. S. and Paskus , T. S. 1991 . Subjective experiences related to alcohol use among schizophrenics . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 179 ( 7 ) : 410 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyefeso , A. , Sedgwick , P. and Ghodse , H. 1997 . Subjective sleep-wake parameters in treatment-seeking opiate addicts . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 48 ( 1 ) : 9 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace-Schott , E. F. , Stickgold , R. , Muzur , A. , Wigren , P. E. , Ward , A. S. , Hart , C. L. and … Hobson , J. A. 2005 . Sleep quality deteriorates over a binge-abstinence cycle in chronic smoked cocaine users . Psychopharmacology , 179 ( 4 ) : 873 – 883 . doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-2088-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patkar , A. A. , Alexander , R. C. , Lundy , A. and Certa , K. M. 1999 . Changing patterns of illicit substance use among schizophrenic patients: 1984–1996 . The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions , 8 ( 1 ) : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peles , E. , Schreiber , S. and Adelson , M. 2006 . Variables associated with perceived sleep disorders in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 82 ( 2 ) : 103 – 110 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peppard , P. E. , Young , T. , Palta , M. and Skatrud , J. 2000 . Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension . The New England Journal of Medicine , 342 ( 19 ) : 1378 – 1384 . doi: 10.1056/NEJM200005113421901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plaza-Zabala , A. , Maldonado , R. and Berrendero , F. 2012 . The hypocretin/orexin system: Implications for drug reward and relapse . Molecular Neurobiology , 45 ( 3 ) : 424 – 439 . doi: 10.1007/s12035-012-8255-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling , J. , Kosten , T. R. and Sofuoglu , M. 2007 . Treatment outcome predictors for cocaine dependence . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 33 ( 2 ) : 191 – 206 . doi: 10.1080/00952990701199416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin , S. G. , Alva , G. , Fleming , K. , Anand , R. , Keator , D. , Carreon , D. and … Fallon , J. H. 2002 . A PET study of the pathophysiology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Positron emission tomography . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 159 ( 2 ) : 227 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provini , F. , Antelmi , E. , Vignatelli , L. , Zaniboni , A. , Naldi , G. , Calandra-Buonaura , G. and … Montagna , P. 2010 . Increased prevalence of nocturnal smoking in restless legs syndrome (RLS) . Sleep Medicine , 11 ( 2 ) : 218 – 220 . doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier , D. A. , Farmer , M. E. , Rae , D. S. , Locke , B. Z. , Keith , S. J. , Judd , L. L. and Goodwin , F. K. 1990 . Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study . JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association , 264 ( 19 ) : 2511 – 2518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remmers , J. E. 1984 . Obstructive sleep apnea. A common disorder exacerbated by alcohol . The American Review of Respiratory Disease , 130 ( 2 ) : 153 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel , B. W. , Durrence , H. H. , Lichstein , K. L. , Taylor , D. J. and Bush , A. J. 2004 . The relation between smoking and sleep: The influence of smoking level, health, and psychological variables . Behavioral Sleep Medicine , 2 ( 1 ) : 63 – 78 . doi: 10.1207/s15402010bsm0201_6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rintakoski , K. , Ahlberg , J. , Hublin , C. , Broms , U. , Madden , P. A. , Kononen , M. and … Kaprio , J. 2010 . Bruxism is associated with nicotine dependence: A nationwide Finnish twin cohort study . Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco , 12 ( 12 ) : 1254 – 1260 . doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rishi , M. A. , Shetty , M. , Wolff , A. , Amoateng-Adjepong , Y. and Manthous , C. A. 2010 . Atypical antipsychotic medications are independently associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 33 ( 3 ) : 109 – 113 . doi: 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181db8040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritsner , M. , Kurs , R. , Ponizovsky , A. and Hadjez , J. 2004 . Perceived quality of life in schizophrenia: Relationships to sleep quality . Quality of Life Research , 13 ( 4 ) : 783 – 791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roehrs , T. , Johanson , C. E. , Meixner , R. , Turner , L. and Roth , T. 2004 . Reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate: Dose and time in bed . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 12 ( 3 ) : 180 – 189 . doi: 10.1037/1064–1297.12.3.180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roehrs , T. , Papineau , K. , Rosenthal , L. and Roth , T. 1999 . Ethanol as a hypnotic in insomniacs: Self administration and effects on sleep and mood . Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology , 20 ( 3 ) : 279 – 286 . doi: 10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00068-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadock , B. J. , Sadock , V. A. , Ruiz , P. and Kaplan , H. I. 2009 . Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (9th ed.) , Philadelphia , PA : Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Salin-Pascual , R. J. , Herrera-Estrella , M. , Galicia-Polo , L. and Laurrabaquio , M. R. 1999 . Olanzapine acute administration in schizophrenic patients increases delta sleep and sleep efficiency . Biological Psychiatry , 46 ( 1 ) : 141 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salin-Pascual , R. J. , Herrera-Estrella , M. , Galicia-Polo , L. , Rosas , M. and Brunner , E. 2004 . Low delta sleep predicted a good clinical response to olanzapine administration in schizophrenic patients . Revista de Investigación Clínica , 56 ( 3 ) : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan , M. F. , Roebuck , T. , Little , P. J. and Naughton , M. T. 2000 . Effect of moderate alcohol upon obstructive sleep apnoea . European Respiratory Journal , 16 ( 5 ) : 909 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatzberg , A. F. and Nemeroff , C. B. 2009 . The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of psychopharmacology (4th ed.) , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Pub .
   Google Scholar
• Schierenbeck , T. , Riemann , D. , Berger , M. and Hornyak , M. 2008 . Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: Cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana . Sleep Medicine Reviews , 12 ( 5 ) : 381 – 389 . doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger , I. , Erikh , I. , Avizohar , O. , Sprecher , E. and Yarnitsky , D. 2009 . Cardiovascular risk factors in restless legs syndrome . Movement Disorders , 24 ( 11 ) : 1587 – 1592 . doi: 10.1002/mds.22486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte-Rodin , S. , Broch , L. , Buysse , D. , Dorsey , C. and Sateia , M. 2008 . Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine , 4 ( 5 ) : 487 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrima , L. , Broudy , M. , Nay , K. N. and Cohn , M. A. 1982 . Increased severity of obstructive sleep apnea after bedtime alcohol ingestion: Diagnostic potential and proposed mechanism of action . Sleep , 5 ( 4 ) : 318 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekimoto , M. , Kato , M. , Watanabe , T. , Kajimura , N. and Takahashi , K. 2007 . Reduced frontal asymmetry of delta waves during all-night sleep in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 33 ( 6 ) : 1307 – 1311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir , E. , Laudon , M. , Barak , Y. , Anis , Y. , Rotenberg , V. , Elizur , A. and Zisapel , N. 2000 . Melatonin improves sleep quality of patients with chronic schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 61 ( 5 ) : 373 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey , K. M. , Kurth , M. E. , Anderson , B. J. , Corso , R. P. , Millman , R. P. and Stein , M. D. 2011 . Assessing sleep in opioid dependence: A comparison of subjective ratings, sleep diaries, and home polysomnography in methadone maintenance patients . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 113 ( 2–3 ) : 245 – 248 . doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirani , A. , Paradiso , S. and Dyken , M. E. 2011 . The impact of atypical antipsychotic use on obstructive sleep apnea: A pilot study and literature review . Sleep Medicine , 12 ( 6 ) : 591 – 597 . doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.12.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstone , T. , Smith , G. and Goodall , E. 1988 . Prevalence of obesity in patients receiving depot antipsychotics . British Journal of Psychiatry , 153 : 214 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , M. D. , Herman , D. S. , Bishop , S. , Lassor , J. A. , Weinstock , M. , Anthony , J. and Anderson , B. J. 2004 . Sleep disturbances among methadone maintained patients . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 26 ( 3 ) : 175 – 180 . doi: 10.1016/s0740-5472(03)00191-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens , R. S. , Babor , T. F. , Kadden , R. and Miller , M. 2002 . The Marijuana Treatment Project: Rationale, design and participant characteristics . Addiction , 97 ( Suppl 1 ) : 109 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szoke , A. , Trandafir , A. , Dupont , M. E. , Meary , A. , Schurhoff , F. and Leboyer , M. 2008 . Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis . British Journal of Psychiatry , 192 ( 4 ) : 248 – 257 . doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.029009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takao , T. , Tachikawa , H. , Kawanishi , Y. , Mizukami , K. and Asada , T. 2007 . CLOCK gene T3111C polymorphism is associated with Japanese schizophrenics: A preliminary study . European Neuropsychopharmacology: The Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology , 17 ( 4 ) : 273 – 276 . doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , H. Y. and Ang , Y. G. 2001 . First-episode psychosis in the military: A comparative study of prodromal symptoms . The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 35 ( 4 ) : 512 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan , H. Y. , Choo , W. C. , Fones , C. S. and Chee , M. W. 2005 . fMRI study of maintenance and manipulation processes within working memory in first-episode schizophrenia . The American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 ( 10 ) : 1849 – 1858 . doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon , R. , Shipley , J. E. , Eiser , A. S. and Greden , J. F. 1989 . Association between abnormal REM sleep and negative symptoms in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 27 ( 3 ) : 359 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon , R. , Shipley , J. E. , Taylor , S. and Greden , J. F. 1992 . Sleep abnormalities in schizophrenia: Cholinergic contribution . Clinical Neuropharmacology , 15 ( Suppl 1 Pt A ) : 294A – 295A .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , S. F. , Goldman , R. S. , Tandon , R. and Shipley , J. E. 1992 . Neuropsychological function and REM sleep in schizophrenic patients . Biological Psychiatry , 32 ( 6 ) : 529 – 538 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , S. F. , Tandon , R. , Shipley , J. E. and Eiser , A. S. 1991 . Effect of neuroleptic treatment on polysomnographic measures in schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry , 30 ( 9 ) : 904 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cauter , E. , Linkowski , P. , Kerkhofs , M. , Hubain , P. , L’Hermite-Baleriaux , M. , Leclercq , R. and … Mendlewicz , J. 1991 . Circadian and sleep-related endocrine rhythms in schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry , 48 ( 4 ) : 348 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kammen , D. P. , van Kammen , W. B. , Peters , J. , Goetz , K. and Neylan , T. 1988 . Decreased slow-wave sleep and enlarged lateral ventricles in schizophrenia . Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology , 1 ( 4 ) : 265 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow , N. D. 2009 . Substance use disorders in schizophrenia-clinical implications of comorbidity . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 35 ( 3 ) : 469 – 472 . doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkow , N. D. , Tomasi , D. , Wang , G. J. , Telang , F. , Fowler , J. S. , Logan , J. and … Ferre , S. 2012 . Evidence that sleep deprivation downregulates dopamine D2R in ventral striatum in the human brain . The Journal of Neuroscience , 32 ( 19 ) : 6711 – 6717 . doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.0045-12.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , A. S. , Hening , W. , Rubinstein , M. and Chokroverty , S. 1991 . A clinical and polysomnographic comparison of neuroleptic-induced akathisia and the idiopathic restless legs syndrome . Sleep , 14 ( 4 ) : 339 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , D. , Teichtahl , H. , Drummer , O. , Goodman , C. , Cherry , G. , Cunnington , D. and Kronborg , I. 2005 . Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients . Chest , 128 ( 3 ) : 1348 – 1356 . doi: 10.1378/chest.128.3.1348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetter , D. W. and Young , T. B. 1994 . The relation between cigarette smoking and sleep disturbance . Preventive Medicine , 23 ( 3 ) : 328 – 334 . doi: 10.1006/pmed.1994.1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetter , D. W. , Young , T. B. , Bidwell , T. R. , Badr , M. S. and Palta , M. 1994 . Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing . Archives of Internal Medicine , 154 ( 19 ) : 2219 – 2224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman , J. W. 2001 . Schizophrenia, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( 1 ) : 8 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelman , J. W. , Finn , L. and Young , T. 2006 . Prevalence and correlates of restless legs syndrome symptoms in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort . Sleep Medicine , 7 ( 7 ) : 545 – 552 . doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2006.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , A. H. C. and Van Tol , H. H. M. 2003 . Schizophrenia: From phenomenology to neurobiology . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 27 ( 3 ) : 269 – 306 . doi: 10.1016/s0149-7634(03)00035-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. and Winkelman , J. W. 2006 . Clinical significance of sleep EEG abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 82 ( 2–3 ) : 251 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarcone , V. P. and Benson , K. L. 1997 . BPRS symptom factors and sleep variables in schizophrenia . Psychiatry Research , 66 ( 2–3 ) : 111 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Samet , J. , Caffo , B. and Punjabi , N. M. 2006 . Cigarette smoking and nocturnal sleep architecture . American Journal of Epidemiology , 164 ( 6 ) : 529 – 537 . doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziedonis , D. M. , Smelson , D. , Rosenthal , R. N. , Batki , S. L. , Green , A. I. , Henry , R. J. and … Weiss , R. D. 2005 . Improving the care of individuals with schizophrenia and substance use disorders: Consensus recommendations . Journal of Psychiatric Practice , 11 ( 5 ) : 315 – 339 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar