Substance Use in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis: Is Gender Relevant?

REFERENCES

• Addington, D., Addington, J., & Schissel, B. (1990). A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Research, 3, 247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2007). Patterns, predictors and impact of substance use in early psychosis: A longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 304–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00900.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archie, S., Rush, B.R., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Norman, R., Malla, A., Roy, P., & Zipursky, R.B. (2007). Substance use and abuse in first-episode psychosis: Prevalence before and after early intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1354–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeza, I., Graell, M., Moreno, D., Castro-Fornieles, J., Parellada, M., González-Pinto, A., … Arango, C. (2009). Cannabis use in children and adolescents with first episode psychosis: Influence on psychopathology and short-term outcome (CAFEPS study). Schizophrenia Research, 113, 129–137. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, T.R., Mutsatsa, S.H., Hutton, S.B., Watt, H.C., & Joyce, E.M. (2006). Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 237–242. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, J.H., Werners, U., Secher, S.M., Hill, K.E., Brazil, R., Masson, K., … Jones, P.B. (2007). Substance use in a population-based clinic sample of people with first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 515–520. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.024448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, J.J., Brown, S.A., Horan, W.P., & Sherwood, A.R. (2000). Substance use disorders in schizophrenia: Review, integration, and a proposed model. Clinical Psychology Reviews, 20, 207–234. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00033-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhler, B., Hambrecht, M., Loffler, W., Van der Heiden, W., & Häfner, H. (2002). Precipitation and determination of the onset and course of schizophrenia by substance abuse: A retrospective and prospective study of 232 population-based first illness episodes. Schizophrenia Research, 54, 243–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon-Spoor, H.E., Potkin, S.G., & Wyatt, R.J. (1982) Measurement of premorbid adjustment in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8, 470–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell, R., Brewin, J., Glazebrook, C., Dalkin, T., Fox, R., Medley, I., & Harrison, G. (1999). Prevalence of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174, 150–153. doi: 10.1192/bjp.174.2.150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, J.A., Norman, R.G., & Manchanda, R. (2009). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with first-episode psychosis and concurrent substance misuse. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 3(1), 75–79. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2008.00100.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, W., Tang, J., Hui, C., Chiu, C., Lam, M.M., Wong, G.H., … Chen, E.Y. (2011). Gender differences in patients presenting with first-episode psychosis in Hong Kong: A three-year follow up study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 199–205. doi: 10.3109/00048674.2010.547841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J.S., Chon, M.W., Kang, D.H., Jung, M.H., & Kwon, J.S. (2009). Gender difference in the prodromal symptoms of first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 24(6), 1083–1088. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.6.1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M.T., Kelley, M.E., Ransay, M.P. H., & Pringle, M. (2009). Association of pre-onset cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use with age at onset of prodrome and age at onset of psychosis in first-episode patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1251–1257. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, M.T., Whicker, N.E., & Hochman, K.M. (2007). Alcohol and cannabis use in urban, African American, first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients: Associations with positive and negative symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(12), 1939–1945. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v68n1215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton, S.M., Lambert, M., Schimmelmann, B.G., Foley, D.L., Morley, K.I., McGorry, P.D., & Conus, P. (2009). Gender differences in premorbid, entry, treatment, and outcome characteristics in a treated epidemiological sample of 661 patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 114, 17–24. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Hert, M., Wampers, M., Jendricko, T., Franic, T., Vidovic, D., De Vriendt, N., … van Winkel, R. (2011). Effects of cannabis use on age at onset in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 126, 270–276. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue, K., Medley, I., Brewin, J., Glazebrook, C., Mason, P., Cantwell, R., … Doody, G.A. (2011). The association between substance misuse and first-episode psychosis in a defined UK geographical area during the 1990s. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(2), 137–142. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0175-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EDADES (Encuesta Domiciliaria sobre Alcohol y Drogas en España). (2006). Plan Nacional sobre drogas. http:www.pnsd.msc.Categoria2/observa/estudios/home.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Vega, P., Ibañez, B., Mosquera, F., Barbeito, S., Gutiérrez, M., … Vieta, E. (2008). Impact of cannabis and other drugs on age at onset of psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1210–1216. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v69n0802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, B., Young, R., & Kavanagh, D. (2005). Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 306–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häfner, H., Riecher-Rössler, A., der Heiden, W., Maurer, K., Fätkenheuer, B., & Löffler, W. (1993). Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 23, 925–940. doi: 10.1017/S0033291700026398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, E.R., Haaga, J., & Richards, T. (1993). Self-reported drug use data: What do they reveal? American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 19, 423–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, S.R., Opler, L.A., & Lindenmayer, J.P. (1989) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and standardization. British Journal of Psychiatry, 7, 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Køster, A., Lajer, M., & Lindhardt, A. (2008). Rosenbaum B: Gender differences in first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 940–946. doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0384-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M., Conus, P., Lubman, D.I., Wade, D., Yuen, H., Moritz, S., … Schimmelmann, B.G. (2005). The impact of substance use disorders on clinical outcome in 643 patients with first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 141–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, E.H., Nesvag, R., Ringen, P.A., Bhandari, C., Haukvik, U.K., Andreassen, O.A., … Agartz, I. (2014). One year follow-up of alcohol and illicit substance use in first-episode psychosis: Does gender matter? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 274–282. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Large, M., Sharma, S., Compton, M.T., Slade, T., & Nielssen, O. (2011). Cannabis use and earlier onset of psychosis: A systematic meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 555–561. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, T.K., Melle, I., Auestad, B., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Johannessen, J.O., … McGlashan, T.H. (2006). Substance abuse in first-episode non-affective psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 88, 55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machielsen, M., van der Sluis, S., & de Haan, L. (2010). Cannabis use in patients with a first psychotic episode and subjects at ultra high risk of psychosis: Impact on psychotic- and pre-psychotic symptoms. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(8), 721–8. doi:10.3109/00048671003689710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson, M., Flyckt, L., Edman, G., & Nyman, H. (2007). Gender differences in the prediction of 5-year outcome in first episode psychosis. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatry Research, 16(4), 208–218. doi:10.1002/mpr.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauri, M.C., Volonteri, L.S., De Gaspari, I.F., Colasanti, A., Brambilla, M.A., & Cerruti, L. (2006). Substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenic patients: A retrospective study. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 23(2), 4.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoncini, R., Donoghue, K., Hart, J., Morgan, C., Doody, G.A., Dazzan, P., … Fearon, P. (2010). Illicit substance use and its correlates in first episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 121, 351–358. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01483.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melle, I., Larsen, T.K., Haahr, U., Friis, S., Johannessen, J.O., Opjordsmoen, S., … McGlashan, T. (2004). Reducing the duration of untreated first-episode psychosis: Effects on clinical presentation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, T.H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T.R., Jones, P.B., Burke, M., & Lewis, G. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet, 370, 319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myles, N., Newall, H., Compton, M.T., Curtis, J., Nielssen, O., & Large, M. (2012). The age at onset of psychosis and tobacco use: A systematic meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47, 1243–1250. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0431-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, R., & Malla, A.K. (2001). Duration of untreated psychosis: A critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychological Medicine, 31, 381–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pek, E., Mythily, S., & Chong, S.A. (2006). Clinical and social correlates of duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode psychosis patients. Annals Academy Medicine Singapore, 35, 24–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz, J., Bromet, E.J., Lavelle, J., Carlson, G., Kovasznay, B., & Schwartz, J.E. (1998). Prevalence and severity of substance use disorders and onset of psychosis in first-admission psychotic patients. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1411–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San, L., Arranz, B., Perez, V., Safont, G., Corripio, I., Ramirez, N., … Alvarez, E. (2012). One-year, randomized, open trial comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone effectiveness in antipsychotic-naive patients with a first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Research, 200, 693–701. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelmann, B.G., Conus, P., Cotton, S., McGorry, P.D., & Lambert, M. (2007). Pre-treatment, baseline, and outcome differences between early-onset and adult-onset psychosis in an epidemiological cohort of 636 first episode patients. Schizophrenia Research, 95, 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevy, S., Robinson, D.G., Holloway, S., Alvir, J.M., Woerner, M.G., Bilder, R., … Kane, J. (2001). Correlates of substance misuse in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 104, 367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevy, S., Robinson, D.G., Napolitano, B., Patel, R.C., Gunduz-Bruce, H., Miller, R., … Kane, J. (2010). Are cannabis use disorders associated with an earlier age at onset of psychosis? A study in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 120, 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorbara, F., Liraud, F., Assens, F., Abalan, F., & Verdoux, H. (2003). Substance use and the course of early psychosis: A 2-year follow-up of first-admitted subjects. European Psychiatry, 18, 133–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J., Gibbon, M., & First, M.B. (1992). The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanski, S., Lieberman, J.A., Alvir, J.M., Mayerhoff, D., Loebel, A., Geisler, S., … Kane, J. (1995). Gender differences in onset of illness, treatment response, course, and biologic indexes in first episode schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 698–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Thorup, A., Albert, N., Bertelsen, M., Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Le Quack, P., … Nordentoft, M. (2014). Gender differences in first-episode psychosis at 5-year follow-up. Two different courses of disease? Results from the OPUS study at 5-year follow-up. European Psychiatry, 29(1), 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorup, A., Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Ohlenschlaeger, J., Christensen, T., Krarup, G., … Nordentoft, M. (2007). Gender differences in young adults with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 396–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosato, S., & Lasalvia, A. (2009). The contribution of epidemiology to defining the most appropriate approach to genetic research on schizophrenia. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18, 81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mastrigt, S., Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2004). Substance misuse at presentation to an early psychosis program. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 69–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veen, N.D., Selten, J.P., van der Tweel, I., Feller, W.G., Hoek, H.W., & Kahn, R.S. (2004). Cannabis use and age at onset of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoux, H., Tournier, M., & Cougnard, A. (2005). Impact of substance use on the onset and course of early psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 79, 69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, D., Harrigan, S., Edwards, J., Burgess, P.M., Whelan, G., & McGorry, P.D. (2006). Substance misuse in first-episode psychosis: 15 month prospective follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade, D., Harrigan, S., McGorry, P.D., Burgess, P.M., & Whelan, G. (2007). Impact of severity of substance use disorder on symptomatic and functional outcome in young individuals with first-episode psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 767–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willhite, R.K., Niendam, T.A., Bearden, C.E., Zinberg, J., O’Brien, M.P., & Cannon, T.D. (2008). Gender differences in symptoms, functioning and social support in patients at ultra-high risk for developing a psychotic disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 104, 237–245. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.05.01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisdom, J.P., Manuel, J.I., & Drake, R.E. (2011). Substance use disorder among people with first-episode psychosis: A systematic review of course and treatment. Psychiatric Services, 62, 1007–1012. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.62.9.1007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar