Alcohol Expectancies, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Alcohol Use in College Students With a History of Childhood Trauma

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence.
   Google Scholar
• Bedard-Gilligan, M., Kaysen, D., Desai, S., & Lee, C. M. (2011). Alcohol-involved assault: Associations with posttrauma alcohol use, consequences, and expectancies. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1076–1082. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 977–986. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(96)00033-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsari, B., Read, J. P., & Campbell, J. F. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 22(3), 61–85. doi:10.1080/87568220801960720
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradford, K., Shih, W., Videlock, E. J., Presson, A. P., Naliboff, B. D., Mayer, E. A., & Chang, L. (2012). Association between early adverse life events and irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 10, 385–390. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Bolus, R., & Mayer, E. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Early Trauma Inventory–Self Report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 211–218. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000243824.84651.6c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., & Mazure, C. M. (2000). Development and preliminary psychometric properties of an instrument for the measurement of childhood trauma: The early trauma inventory. Depression and Anxiety, 12, 1–12. doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1<1::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 17–32. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterfield, M. I., Forneris, C. A., Feldman, M. E., & Beckham, J. C. (2000). Hostility and functional health status in women veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 735–741. doi:10.1023/A:1007874620024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caetano, R., Field, C. A., & Nelson, S. (2003). Association between childhood physical abuse, exposure to parental violence, and alcohol problems in adulthood. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 240–257. doi:10.1177/0886260502250074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, E. N., Rueger, D. B., Foy, D. W., & Donahue, C. P. (1985). Vietnam combat veterans and posttraumatic stress disorder: Analysis of marital and cohabitating adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 329–337. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.94.3.329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1998). Investigations of causal pathways between PTSD and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 827–840. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00069-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, R. L., Parks, G. A., & Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Social determinants of alcohol consumption: The effects of social interaction and model status on the self-administration of alcohol. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 189–200. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.2.189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, W. R., Bernat, J. A., Calhoun, K. S., McNair, L. D., & Seals, K. L. (2001). The role of alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption among sexually victimized and nonvictimized college women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 297–311. doi:10.1177/088626001016004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 121–136. doi:10.1080/00223890802634175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creech, S. K., & Borsari, B. (2014). Alcohol use, military sexual trauma, expectancies, and coping skills in women veterans presenting to primary care. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 379–385. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debell, F., Fear, N. T., Head, M., Batt-Rawden, S., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., & Goodwin, L. (2014). A systematic review of the comorbidity between PTSD and alcohol misuse. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 1401–1425. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0855-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLillo, D. (2001). Interpersonal functioning among women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse: Empirical findings and methodological issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 553–576. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00072-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 713–725. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00204-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorak, R. D., Arens, A. M., Kuvaas, N. J., Williams, T. J., & Kilwein, T. M. (2013). Problematic alcohol use, trauma history, and PTSD symptom level: A path analysis. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 9, 281–291. doi:10.1080/15504263.2013.835694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earleywine, M., LaBrie, J. W., & Pedersen, E. R. (2008). A brief Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index with less potential for bias. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1249–1253. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 87–100. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2006). Child sexual abuse, coping responses, self-blame, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adult sexual revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 652–672. doi:10.1177/0886260506286879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fossos, N., Kaysen, D., Neighbors, C., Lindgren, K. P., & Hove, M. C. (2011). Coping motives as a mediator of the relationship between sexual coercion and problem drinking in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1001–1007. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromme, K., Stroot, E., & Kaplan, D. (1993). Comprehensive effects of alcohol: Development and psychometric assessment of a new expectancy questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 5, 19–26. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.5.1.19
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, A. L., Flett, G. L., & Wekerle, C. (2010). Child maltreatment, alcohol use and drinking consequences among male and female college students: An examination of drinking motives as mediators. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 636–639. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson, C. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2005). Motives to drink as mediators between childhood sexual assault and alcohol problems in adult women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 137–145. doi:10.1002/jts.20021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruska, B., & Delahanty, D. L. (2012). Application of the stressor vulnerability model to understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-related problems in an undergraduate population. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26, 734–746. doi:10.1037/a0027584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 96, 57–72. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961575.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen, D., Dillworth, T. M., Simpson, T., Waldrop, A., Larimer, M. E., & Resick, P. A. (2007). Domestic violence and alcohol use: Trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1272–1283. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian, E. J. (1985). The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1259–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 231–244. doi:10.3109/10673229709030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., Stappenbeck, C. A., Luterek, J. A., Kaysen, D., & Simpson, T. L. (2014). Gender differences in relationships among PTSD severity, drinking motives, and alcohol use in a comorbid alcohol dependence and PTSD sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28, 42–52. doi:10.1037/a0032266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembke, A. (2012). Time to abandon the self-medication hypothesis in patients with psychiatric disorders. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38, 524–529. doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.694532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2003). The effects of trauma history, gender, and race on alcohol use and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a college student sample. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1631–1647. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, B. P., Nichols-Anderson, C., Messman-Moore, T., Miranda, R., Jr., & Porter, C. (2000). Alcohol consumption, outcome expectancies, and victimization status among female college students. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1056–1070. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02510.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12, 23–44. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane, A. C. (1998). Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between PTSD and alcohol abuse: The nature of the association. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 813–826. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00098-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. (1971). Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
   Google Scholar
• Messman, T. L., & Long, P. J. (1996). Child sexual abuse and its relationship to revictimization in adult women: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 397–420. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(96)00019-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk, R., & Heim, D. (2013). A critical systematic review of alcohol-related outcome expectancies. Substance Use & Misuse, 48, 539–557. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.787097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monks, S. M., Tomaka, J., Palacios, R., & Thompson, S. E. (2010). Sexual victimization in female and male college students: Examining the roles of alcohol use, alcohol expectancies, and sexual sensation seeking. Substance Use & Misuse, 45, 2258–2280. doi:10.3109/10826081003694854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén and Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Olff, M., Langeland, W., Draijer, N., & Gersons, B. R. (2007). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 183–204. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. R., Myers, U. S., Browne, K. C., & Norman, S. B. (2014). The role of alcohol expectancies in drinking behavior among women with alcohol use disorder and comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46, 178–187. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.917750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, E. N., Khondkaryan, E., & Sullivan, T. P. (2012). Associations between expectancies of alcohol and drug use, severity of partner violence, and posttraumatic stress among women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 2108–2127. doi:10.1177/0886260511432151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Race/ethnic differencesin exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41, 71–83. doi:10.1017/S0033291710000401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satorra, A. (2000). Scaled and readjusted restricted tests in multi-sample analysis of moment structures. In R. D. H. Heijmans, D. S. G. Pollock, & A. Satorra (Eds.), Innovations in multivariate statistical analysis. A festschrift for Heinz Neudecker (pp. 233–247). London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Amundsen, A., & Grant, M. (1993). Alcohol consumption and related problems among primary health care patients: WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–I. Addiction, 88, 349–362. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb00822.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneyderman, Y., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Contextual and intrapersonal predictors of adolescent risky sexual behavior and outcomes. Health Education & Behavior, 40, 400–414. doi:10.1177/1090198112447800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, T. L., & Miller, W. R. (2002). Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 27–77. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00088-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slutske, W. S. (2005). Alcohol use disorders among US college students and their non-college-attending peers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 321–327. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 83–112. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H., Pihl, R. O., Conrod, P. J., & Dongier, M. (1998). Functional associations among trauma, PTSD and substance-related disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 797–812. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00070-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tofighi, D., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2011). RMediation: An R package for mediation analysis confidence intervals. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 692–700. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0076-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., Townsend, S. M., & Starzynski, L. L. (2005). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder, and problem drinking in sexual assault survivors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 610–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrana, S., & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 289–302. doi:10.1002/jts.2490070209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, D., & Keane, T. (October 1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• White, H. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1989). Towards the assessment of adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 50, 30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003). Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: Assessment in a large health maintenance organization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 166–185. doi:10.1177/0886260502238733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom, C. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1223–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Ham, L. S., Borsari, B., & Van Tyne, K. (2010). Alcohol expectancies, pregaming, drinking games, and hazardous alcohol use in a multiethnic sample of college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 124–133. doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9234-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Jarvis, L. H., & Van Tyne, K. (2009). Acculturation and substance use among Hispanic early adolescents: Investigating the mediating roles of acculturative stress and self-esteem. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30, 315–333. doi:10.1007/s10935-009-0182-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar