Modeling the Comorbidity of Cannabis Abuse and Conduct Disorder/Conduct Problems from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

References

• Armstrong, T. D., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Community studies on adolescent substance use, abuse, or dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(6), 1224–1239. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.6.1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba-Ferrara, L., Muller-Oehring, E. M., Sullivan, E. V., Pfefferbaum, A., & Schulte, T. (2016). Brain responses to emotional salience and reward in alcohol use disorder. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 10(1), 136–146. doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9374-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloi, J., Blair, K. S., Crum, K. I., Meffert, H., White, S. F., Tyler, P. M., … Blair, R. J. R. (2018). Adolescents show differential dysfunctions related to alcohol and cannabis use disorder severity in emotion and executive attention neuro-circuitries. Neuroimage Clinical, 19, 782–792. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloi, J., Meffert, H., White, S. F., Blair, K. S., Hwang, S., Tyler, P. M., … Blair, R. J. R. (2019). Differential dysfunctions related to alcohol and cannabis use disorder symptoms in reward and error-processing neuro-circuitries in adolescents. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 36, 100618. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Aron, A. R. (2011). From reactive to proactive and selective control: developing a richer model for stopping inappropriate responses. Biological Psychiatry, 69, e55–68. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.07.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., & Poldrack, R. A. (2014). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: One decade on. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), 177–185. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banich, M. T., Crowley, T. J., Thompson, L. L., Jacobson, B. L., Liu, X., Raymond, K. M., & Claus, E. D. (2007). Brain activation during the Stroop task in adolescents with severe substance and conduct problems: A pilot study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90(2–3), 175–182. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Waller, R., Fish, A. M., & Hyde, L. W. (2015). Callous-unemotional traits trajectories interact with earlier conduct problems and executive control to predict violence and substance use among high risk male adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(8), 1529–1541. doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0041-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Schlagenhauf, F., Wustenberg, T., Hein, J., Kienast, T., Kahnt, T., … Wrase, J. (2009). Ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation correlates with impulsivity in alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry, 66(8), 734–742. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.04.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhard, A., Martinelli, A., Ackermann, K., Saure, D., & Freitag, C. M. (2018). Association of trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews, 91, 153–169. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birn, R. M., Roeber, B. J., & Pollak, S. D. (2017). Early childhood stress exposure, reward pathways, and adult decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(51), 13549–13554. doi:10.1073/pnas.1708791114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjork, J. M., Chen, G., Smith, A. R., & Hommer, D. W. (2010). Incentive-elicited mesolimbic activation and externalizing symptomatology in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 827–837. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02201.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R. (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath. Cognition, 57, 1–29. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00676-P
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R. (2003). Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: London B Biological Science, 358(1431), 561–572. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain and Cognition, 55(1), 198–208. doi:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R. (2010). Psychopathy, frustration, and reactive aggression: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 383–399. doi:10.1348/000712609X418480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R. (2016). The neurobiology of disruptive behavior disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1073–1074. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16080971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R., Leibenluft, E., & Pine, D. S. (2014). Conduct disorder and callous-unemotional traits in youth. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(23), 2207–2216. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1315612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, R. J. R., Veroude, K., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: A review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Reviews, 91, 69–90. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., & Takahashi, L. K. (1977). Attack and defensive behaviour in the albino rat. Animal Behavior, 25, 197–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchel, C., Peters, J., Banaschewski, T., Bokde, A. L., Bromberg, U., Conrod, P. J., … Knutson, B. (2017). Blunted ventral striatal responses to anticipated rewards foreshadow problematic drug use in novelty-seeking adolescents. Nature Communications, 8, 14140. doi:10.1038/ncomms14140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Birmaher, B. (2002). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(11), 1275–1293. doi:10.1097/00004583-200211000-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, W., & Leung, H. C. (2011). Rule-guided executive control of response inhibition: Functional topography of the inferior frontal cortex. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carliner, H., Gary, D., McLaughlin, K. A., & Keyes, K. M. (2017). Trauma exposure and externalizing disorders in adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey adolescent supplement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 755–764.e753. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, B. J., & Jones, R. M. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189–1201; quiz 1285. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos-Ryan, N., Struve, M., Whelan, R., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L., … Conrod, P. J. (2014). Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(12), 1310–1319. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerda, M., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2011). A prospective population based study of changes in alcohol use and binge drinking after a mass traumatic event. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe, D. E., Shaw, D. S., & Forbes, E. E. (2015). Maladaptive social information processing in childhood predicts young men's atypical amygdala reactivity to threat. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(5), 549–557. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn, M. D., Veltman, D. J., Pape, L. E., van Lith, K., Vermeiren, R. R., van den Brink, W., … Popma, A. (2015). Incentive processing in persistent disruptive behavior and psychopathic traits: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 78(9), 615–624. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker-Appiah, D. S., White, S. F., Clanton, R., Yang, J., Martin, A., & Blair, R. J. (2013). Looming animate and inanimate threats: The response of the amygdala and periaqueductal gray. Social Neuroscience, 8(6), 621–630. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.839480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cougle, J. R., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Vujanovic, A. A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Hawkins, K. A. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use in a nationally representative sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 554–558. doi:10.1037/a0023076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creemers, H. E., van Lier, P. A., Vollebergh, W. A., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2009). Predicting onset of cannabis use in early adolescence: the interrelation between high-intensity pleasure and disruptive behavior. The TRAILS Study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70(6), 850–858. doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, S. L., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008). The development of antisocial behavior: What can we learn from functional neuroimaging studies? Development and Psychopathology, 20, 1145–1159. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, T. J., Dalwani, M. S., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., Du, Y. P., Lejuez, C. W., Raymond, K. M., & Banich, M. T. (2010). Risky decisions and their consequences: Neural processing by boys with antisocial substance disorder. PLoS One, 5(9), e12835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbert, B. N., & Insel, T. R. (2013). Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine, 11, 126. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Amico, E. J., Edelen, M. O., Miles, J. N., & Morral, A. R. (2008). The longitudinal association between substance use and delinquency among high-risk youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93(1–2), 85–92. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daw, N. D., Niv, Y., & Dayan, P. (2005). Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control. Nature Neuroscience, 8(12), 1704–1711. doi:10.1038/nn1560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defoe, I. N., Khurana, A., Betancourt, L. M., Hurt, H., & Romer, D. (2018). Disentangling longitudinal relations between youth cannabis use, peer cannabis use, and conduct problems: Developmental cascading links to cannabis use disorder. Addiction, 114(3), 458–493. doi:10.1111/add.14456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depue, B. E., Burgess, G. C., Willcutt, E. G., Ruzic, L., & Banich, M. T. (2010). Inhibitory control of memory retrieval and motor processing associated with the right lateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence from deficits in individuals with ADHD. Neuropsychologia, 48(13), 3909–3917. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & Valente, E. (1995). Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632–643. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.4.632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Furr, R. M., Charles, N. E., Liguori, A., … Acheson, A. (2013). Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision-making among adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 307–319. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2908-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edalati, H., Doucet, C., & Conrod, P. J. (2018). A developmental social neuroscience model for understanding pathways to substance use disorders during adolescence. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 27, 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.spen.2018.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, G., Hagan, C. C., Passamonti, L., Walsh, N. D., Goodyer, I. M., & Calder, A. J. (2014). Atypical neural responses during face processing in female adolescents with conduct disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(6), 677–687. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, G., Stobbe, Y., van Goozen, S. H., Calder, A. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2010). Facial expression recognition, fear conditioning, and startle modulation in female subjects with conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 68(3), 272–279. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2007). Conduct and attentional problems in childhood and adolescence and later substance use, abuse and dependence: Results of a 25-year longitudinal study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(0), S14–S26. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filbey, F. M., Dunlop, J., & Myers, U. S. (2013). Neural effects of positive and negative incentives during marijuana withdrawal. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e61470. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filbey, F. M., & Yezhuvath, U. (2013). Functional connectivity in inhibitory control networks and severity of cannabis use disorder. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(6), 382–391. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.841710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finger, E. C., Marsh, A. A., Blair, K. S., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Ng, P., … Blair, R. J. R. (2011). Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbital frontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(2), 152–162. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Annual research review: A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6), 532–548. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridlund, A. (1992). Darwin's anti-Darwinism in the expression of the emotions in man and animals. International Review of Emotion, 2, 13–27. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-267630-7.50007-1
   Google Scholar
• Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P., Surguladze, S., … Politi, P. (2009). Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: A voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 34(6), 418–432. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2783433/pdf/0340418.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Tuvblad, C., Schell, A., Baker, L. A., & Raine, A. (2015). Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression: A longitudinal study. Psychophysiology, 52(2), 288–295. doi:10.1111/psyp.12322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerin, M. I., Puetz, V. B., Blair, R. J. R., White, S., Sethi, A., Hoffmann, F., … McCrory, E. J. (2017). A neurocomputational investigation of reinforcement-based decision making as a candidate latent vulnerability mechanism in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 29(5), 1689–1705. doi:10.1017/S095457941700133X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, N. A., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., Knudsen, G. P., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., … Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2018). Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: A population-based twin study. Addiction, 113(8), 1488–1498. doi:10.1111/add.14209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman, J. M., & Hommer, D. (2008). Modulation of brain response to emotional images by alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patients. Addiction Biology, 13(3–4), 423–434. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R., Schuster, R. M., Mermelstein, R. J., Vassileva, J., Martin, E. M., & Diviak, K. R. (2012). Performance of young adult cannabis users on neurocognitive measures of impulsive behavior and their relationship to symptoms of cannabis use disorders. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(9), 962–976. doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.703642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, J. D., Lynskey, M. T., Madden, P. A., Nelson, E. C., Few, L. R., Bucholz, K. K., … Agrawal, A. (2015). The role of conduct disorder in the relationship between alcohol, nicotine and cannabis use disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45(16), 3505–3515. doi:10.1017/S0033291715001518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg, T. R., & Siegel, A. (2001). Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: Implications for human aggression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 25(1), 91–140. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(00)00150-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber, S. A., Rogowska, J., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2009). Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: An fMRI study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 105(1–2), 139–153. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harle, K. M., Stewart, J. L., Zhang, S., Tapert, S. F., Yu, A. J., & Paulus, M. P. (2015). Bayesian neural adjustment of inhibitory control predicts emergence of problem stimulant use. Brain, 138(11), 3413–3426. doi:10.1093/brain/awv246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawes, S. W., Trucco, E. M., Duperrouzel, J. C., Coxe, S., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Developmental pathways of adolescent cannabis use: Risk factors, outcomes and sex-specific differences. Substance Use and Misuse, 54(2), 271–281. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1517177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitzeg, M. M., Cope, L. M., Martz, M. E., & Hardee, J. E. (2015). Neuroimaging risk markers for substance abuse: Recent findings on inhibitory control and reward system functioning. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 91–103. doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0048-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heitzeg, M. M., Villafuerte, S., Weiland, B. J., Enoch, M. A., Burmeister, M., Zubieta, J. K., & Zucker, R. A. (2014). Effect of GABRA2 genotype on development of incentive-motivation circuitry in a sample enriched for alcoholism risk. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(13), 3077–3086. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heron, J., Barker, E. D., Joinson, C., Lewis, G., Hickman, M., Munafo, M., & Macleod, J. (2013). Childhood conduct disorder trajectories, prior risk factors and cannabis use at age 16: Birth cohort study. Addiction, 108(12), 2129–2138. doi:10.1111/add.12268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester, R., Nestor, L., & Garavan, H. (2009). Impaired error awareness and anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivity in chronic cannabis users. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(11), 2450–2458. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang, S., Nolan, Z. T., White, S. F., Williams, W. C., Sinclair, S., & Blair, R. J. (2016). Dual neurocircuitry dysfunctions in disruptive behavior disorders: Emotional responding and response inhibition. Psychological Medicine, 46(7), 1485–1496. doi:10.1017/S0033291716000118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, L. W., Burt, S. A., Shaw, D. S., Donnellan, M. B., & Forbes, E. E. (2015). Early starting, aggressive, and/or callous-unemotional? Examining the overlap and predictive utility of antisocial behavior subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 329–342. doi:10.1037/abn0000029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., … Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jager, G., Block, R. I., Luijten, M., & Ramsey, N. F. (2013). Tentative evidence for striatal hyperactivity in adolescent cannabis-using boys: A cross-sectional multicenter fMRI study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(2), 156–167. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.785837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon, D., Kim, S., Chetana, M., Jo, D., Ruley, H. E., Lin, S. Y., … Shin, H. S. (2010). Observational fear learning involves affective pain system and Cav1.2 Ca2+ channels in ACC. Nature Neuroscience, 13(4), 482–488. doi:10.1038/nn.2504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95–102. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Aggen, S. H., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect 2 genetic factors and 1 shared environmental factor. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(1), 78–86. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Bulik, C. M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J. M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C. A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: An epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(10), 953–959. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(9), 929–937. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersten, L., Vriends, N., Steppan, M., Raschle, N. M., Praetzlich, M., Oldenhof, H., … Stadler, C. (2017). Community violence exposure and conduct problems in children and adolescents with conduct disorder and healthy controls. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 219. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevorkian, S., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Belendiuk, K., Carney, D. M., Roberson-Nay, R., & Berenz, E. C. (2015). Associations among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, cannabis use, and cannabis use disorder in a nationally representative epidemiologic sample. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(3), 633–638. doi:10.1037/adb0000110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E., Essau, C., Bijttebier, P., & Marsee, M. A. (2015). Using self-reported callous-unemotional traits to cross-nationally assess the DSM-5 ‘With Limited Prosocial Emotions' specifier. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(11), 1249–1261. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinnert, M. D., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Social referencing: The infant's use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development, 22, 427–432. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.427
   Google Scholar
• Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760–773. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. F., & DeYoung, C. G. (2016). The RDoC initiative and the structure of psychopathology. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 351–354. doi:10.1111/psyp.12551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(3), 411–424. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, L., Hart, H., Mehta, M. A., Simmons, A., Mirza, K., & Rubia, K. (2015). Neural correlates of error processing in young people with a history of severe childhood abuse: An fMRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(9), 892–900. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14081042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozier, L. M., Cardinale, E. M., VanMeter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(6), 627–636. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, O. M., Goldenberg, D., Thayer, R., Migliorini, R., Simmons, A. N., & Tapert, S. F. (2013). Adolescents' fMRI activation to a response inhibition task predicts future substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 38(1), 1435–1441. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maij, D. L., van de Wetering, B. J., & Franken, I. H. (2017). Cognitive control in young adults with cannabis use disorder: An event-related brain potential study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(8), 1015–1026. doi:10.1177/0269881117719262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinkovic, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Urban, T., O'Reilly, C. E., Howard, J. A., & Sawyer, K. (2009). Alcoholism and dampened temporal limbic activation to emotional faces. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 1880–1892. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01026.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Fowler, K. A., Jurkowitz, I. T., Schechter, J. C., Yu, H. H., … Blair, R. J. (2011). Reduced amygdala-orbitofrontal connectivity during moral judgments in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research, 194(3), 279–286. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Kosson, D. S., … Blair, R. J. R. (2008). Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(6), 712–720. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07071145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martz, M. E., Trucco, E. M., Cope, L. M., Hardee, J. E., Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2016). Association of marijuana use with blunted nucleus accumbens response to reward anticipation. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(8), 838–844. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, S. H., Newmark, R. L., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2018). Explicating the role of empathic processes in substance use disorders: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(3), 316–332. doi:10.1111/dar.12548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory, E. J., Gerin, M. I., & Viding, E. (2017). Annual research review: Childhood maltreatment, latent vulnerability and the shift to preventative psychiatry - the contribution of functional brain imaging. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 338–357. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R., & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95(4), 491–503. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9544912.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, H., Brislin, S. J., White, S. F., & Blair, J. R. (2015). Prediction errors to emotional expressions: The roles of the amygdala in social referencing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(4), 537–544. doi:10.1093/scan/nsu085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, H., Hwang, S., Nolan, Z. T., Chen, G., & Blair, J. R. (2015). Segregating attention from response control when performing a motor inhibition task. Neuroimage, 126, 27–38. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meffert, H., Thornton, L. C., Tyler, P. M., Botkin, M. L., Erway, A. K., Kolli, V., … Blair, R. J. R. (2018). Moderation of prior exposure to trauma on the inverse relationship between callous-unemotional traits and amygdala responses to fearful expressions: An exploratory study. Psychological Medicine, 48(15), 2541–2549. doi:10.1017/S0033291718000156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., He, J. P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., … Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobbs, D., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Seymour, B., Tan, G., Gray, M., … Frith, C. D. (2009). From threat to fear: The neural organization of defensive fear systems in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(39), 12236–12243. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2378-09.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobbs, D., Petrovic, P., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Weiskopf, N., Seymour, B., … Frith, C. D. (2007). When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periacqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science, 317(5841), 1079–1083. doi:10.1126/science.1144298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobbs, D., Yu, R., Rowe, J. B., Eich, H., FeldmanHall, O., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). Neural activity associated with monitoring the oscillating threat value of a tarantula. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(47), 20582–20586. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009076107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, M., Estevez, A. F., Zaldivar, F., Montes, J. M., Gutierrez-Ferre, V. E., Esteban, L., … Flores, P. (2012). Impulsivity differences in recreational cannabis users and binge drinkers in a university population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 124(3), 355–362. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J., & Frith, U. (1993). Causal modelling: A structural approach to developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. H. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of developmental psychopathology (pp. 357–390). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Mrug, S., & Windle, M. (2009). Bidirectional influences of violence exposure and adjustment in early adolescence: Externalizing behaviors and school connectedness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(5), 611–623. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9304-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, S. C., Maheu, F. S., Dozier, M., Peloso, E., Mandell, D., Leibenluft, E., … Ernst, M. (2010). Early-life stress is associated with impairment in cognitive control in adolescence: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 48(10), 3037–3044. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nees, F., Tzschoppe, J., Patrick, C. J., Vollstadt-Klein, S., Steiner, S., Poustka, L., … Flor, H. (2012). Determinants of early alcohol use in healthy adolescents: The differential contribution of neuroimaging and psychological factors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(4), 986–995. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestor, L., Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2010). Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage, 49(1), 1133–1143. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbury, J. B., Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Baldwin, J. R., & Fisher, H. L. (2018). Measuring childhood maltreatment to predict early-adult psychopathology: Comparison of prospective informant-reports and retrospective self-reports. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, A. L., Pulido, C., Squeglia, L. M., Spadoni, A. D., Paulus, M. P., & Tapert, S. F. (2011). Neural activation during inhibition predicts initiation of substance use in adolescence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 119(3), 216–223. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North, C. S., Kawasaki, A., Spitznagel, E. L., & Hong, B. A. (2004). The course of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, and somatization after a natural disaster. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(12), 823–829. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000146911.52616.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Daly, O. G., Trick, L., Scaife, J., Marshall, J., Ball, D., Phillips, M. L., … Duka, T. (2012). Withdrawal-associated increases and decreases in functional neural connectivity associated with altered emotional regulation in alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(10), 2267–2276. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Current Opinions in Neurobiology, 14(6), 769–776. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15582382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Doherty, J. P., Cockburn, J., & Pauli, W. M. (2017). Learning, reward, and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 73–100. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshri, A., Rogosch, F. A., Burnette, M. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Developmental pathways to adolescent cannabis abuse and dependence: Child maltreatment, emerging personality, and internalizing versus externalizing psychopathology. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 634–644. doi:10.1037/a0023151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paras, M. L., Murad, M. H., Chen, L. P., Goranson, E. N., Sattler, A. L., Colbenson, K. M., … Zirakzadeh, A. (2009). Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302(5), 550–561. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passamonti, L., Fairchild, G., Goodyer, I. M., Hurford, G., Hagan, C. C., Rowe, J. B., & Calder, A. J. (2010). Neural abnormalities in early-onset and adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(7), 729–738. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 913–938. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W., Mastekaasa, A., & Wichstrom, L. (2001). Conduct problems and early cannabis initiation: A longitudinal study of gender differences. Addiction, 96(3), 415–431. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.9634156.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51–87. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine, D. S., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Montgomery, L., Monk, C. S., McClure, E., … Kaufman, J. (2005). Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: Implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 291–296. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plichta, M. M., & Scheres, A. (2014). Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: A meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polderman, T. J., Benyamin, B., de Leeuw, C. A., Sullivan, P. F., van Bochoven, A., Visscher, P. M., & Posthuma, D. (2015). Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies. Nature Genetics, 47(7), 702–709. doi:10.1038/ng.3285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D. (2005). Early adversity and mechanisms of plasticity: Integrating affective neuroscience with developmental approaches to psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17(3), 735–752. doi:10.1017/S0954579405050352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002). Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 784–791. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12220055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C., Mechoulam, R., & Parsons, L. (2010). Endocannabinoid signaling in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. Neurotoxicology, 31(5), 562–571. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, J., Casey, B. J., van Erp, T. G., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Buss, C., … Potkin, S. G. (2016). ADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 10(3), 761–771. doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9438-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. JAMA, 264(19), 2511–2518. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190043026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Heyman, I., & Brammer, M. J. (2010). Disorder-specific dysfunction in right inferior prefrontal cortex during two inhibition tasks in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(2), 287–299. doi:10.1002/hbm.20864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Mohammad, M., Scott, S., & Brammer, M. J. (2009). Shared and disorder-specific prefrontal abnormalities in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure CD during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(6), 669–678. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02022.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Halari, R., Smith, A. B., Mohammad, M., Scott, S., Giampietro, V., … Brammer, M. J. (2008). Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 889–897. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Overmeyer, S., Taylor, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S.C.R., Simmons, A., & Bullmore, E.T. (2000). Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: A study with funtional MRI. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 891–896. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia, K., Smith, A. B., Halari, R., Matsukura, F., Mohammad, M., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. J. (2009). Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 83–94. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salloum, J. B., Ramchandani, V. A., Bodurka, J., Rawlings, R., Momenan, R., & George, D. (2007). Blunted rostral anterior cingulate response during a simplified decoding task of negative emotional facial expressions in alcoholic patients. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 1490–1504. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00447.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatore, J. E., & Dick, D. M. (2018). Genetic influences on conduct disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 91, 91–101. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor, C. E., Agrawal, A., Grant, J. D., Duncan, A. E., Madden, P. A., Lynskey, M. T., … Bucholz, K. K. (2015). Differences between African-American and European-American women in the association of childhood sexual abuse with initiation of marijuana use and progression to problem use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(4), 569–577. doi:10.15288/jsad.2015.76.569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartor, C. E., Waldron, M., Duncan, A. E., Grant, J. D., McCutcheon, V. V., Nelson, E. C., … Heath, A. C. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse and early substance use in adolescent girls: The role of familial influences. Addiction, 108(5), 993–1000. doi:10.1111/add.12115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A., & Takahashi, Y. K. (2009). A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(12), 885–892. doi:10.1038/nrn2753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. P., Fan, J., Tang, C. Y., Newcorn, J. H., Buchsbaum, M. S., Cheung, A. M., & Halperin, J. M. (2004). Response inhibition in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: An event-related fMRI study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1650–1657. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenck, C., Ciaramidaro, A., Selivanova, M., Tournay, J., Freitag, C. M., & Siniatchkin, M. (2017). Neural correlates of affective empathy and reinforcement learning in boys with conduct problems: fMRI evidence from a gambling task. Behavioural Brain Research, 320, 75–84. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian, C. L., McCrory, E. J., Dadds, M. R., Cecil, C. A., Lockwood, P. L., Hyde, Z. H., … Viding, E. (2014). Neural responses to fearful eyes in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. Psychological Medicine, 44(1), 99–109. doi:10.1017/S0033291713000482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spechler, P. A., Allgaier, N., Chaarani, B., Whelan, R., Watts, R., Orr, C., … Garavan, H. (2018). The initiation of cannabis use in adolescence is predicted by sex-specific psychosocial and neurobiological features. European Journal of Neuroscience, 50(3), 2346–2356. doi:10.1111/ejn.13989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spechler, P. A., Orr, C. A., Chaarani, B., Kan, K. J., Mackey, S., Morton, A., … Garavan, H. (2015). Cannabis use in early adolescence: Evidence of amygdala hypersensitivity to signals of threat. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 63–70. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice, E., Yokum, S., & Burger, K. S. (2013). Elevated reward region responsivity predicts future substance use onset but not overweight/obesity onset. Biological Psychiatry, 73(9), 869–876. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Lisdahl, K. M., Molina, B., Tapert, S., Hinshaw, S. P., … Swanson, J. M. (2013). Impact of ADHD and cannabis use on executive functioning in young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133(2), 607–614. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Frontiers in translational research on trauma. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 353–355. doi:10.1017/S0954579411000101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hell, H. H., Vink, M., Ossewaarde, L., Jager, G., Kahn, R. S., & Ramsey, N. F. (2010). Chronic effects of cannabis use on the human reward system: An fMRI study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(3), 153–163. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Holst, R. J., & Schilt, T. (2011). Drug-related decrease in neuropsychological functions of abstinent drug users. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4(1), 42–56. doi:10.2174/1874473711104010042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Rooij, D., Hoekstra, P. J., Mennes, M., von Rhein, D., Thissen, A. J., Heslenfeld, D. J., … Hartman, C. A. (2015). Distinguishing adolescents with ADHD from their unaffected siblings and healthy comparison subjects by neural activation patterns during response inhibition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(7), 674–683. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veroude, K., von Rhein, D., Chauvin, R. J., van Dongen, E. V., Mennes, M. J., Franke, B., … Buitelaar, J. K. (2016). The link between callous-unemotional traits and neural mechanisms of reward processing: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 255, 75–80. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij, K. J., Zietsch, B. P., Lynskey, M. T., Medland, S. E., Neale, M. C., Martin, N. G., … Vink, J. M. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on cannabis use initiation and problematic use: A meta-analysis of twin studies. Addiction, 105(3), 417–430. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02831.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Dadds, M. R., Lockwood, P. L., Cecil, C. A., De Brito, S. A., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: The role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(10), 1109–1116. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K., Elliott, J. C., Shmulewitz, D., Aharonovich, E., Strous, R., Frisch, A., … Hasin, D. (2014). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana dependence in Israel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3), 621–630. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner, K. B., McCutcheon, V. V., Agrawal, A., Sartor, C. E., Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., & Bucholz, K. K. (2016). The association of specific traumatic experiences with cannabis initiation and transition to problem use: Differences between African-American and European-American women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 162, 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesley, M. J., Lile, J. A., Hanlon, C. A., & Porrino, L. J. (2016). Abnormal medial prefrontal cortex activity in heavy cannabis users during conscious emotional evaluation. Psychopharmacology, 233(6), 1035–1044. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4180-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetherill, R. R., Squeglia, L. M., Yang, T. T., & Tapert, S. F. (2013). A longitudinal examination of adolescent response inhibition: Neural differences before and after the initiation of heavy drinking. Psychopharmacology, 230(4), 663–671. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3198-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, R., Watts, R., Orr, C. A., Althoff, R. R., Artiges, E., Banaschewski, T., … Garavan, H. (2014). Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers. Nature, 512(7513), 185–189. doi:10.1038/nature13402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. F., Marsh, A. A., Fowler, K. A., Schechter, J. C., Adalio, C., Pope, K., … Blair, R. J. (2012). Reduced amygdala response in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: Decreased emotional response versus increased top-down attention to nonemotional features. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(7), 750–758. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. F., Pope, K., Sinclair, S., Fowler, K. A., Brislin, S. J., Williams, W. C., … Blair, R. J. (2013). Disrupted expected value and prediction error signaling in youths with disruptive behavior disorders during a passive avoidance task. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 315–323. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12060840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, S. F., VanTieghem, M., Brislin, S. J., Sypher, I., Sinclair, S., Pine, D. S., … Blair, R. J. (2016). Neural correlates of the propensity for retaliatory behavior in youths with disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(3), 282–290. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15020250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrase, J., Schlagenhauf, F., Kienast, T., Wustenberg, T., Bermpohl, F., Kahnt, T., … Heinz, A. (2007). Dysfunction of reward processing correlates with alcohol craving in detoxified alcoholics. Neuroimage, 35(2), 787–794. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wymbs, B. T., McCarty, C. A., King, K. M., McCauley, E., Vander Stoep, A., Baer, J. S., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2012). Callous-unemotional traits as unique prospective risk factors for substance use in early adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1099–1110. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9628-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanos, P. T., Czaja, S. J., & Widom, C. S. (2010). A prospective examination of service use by abused and neglected children followed up into adulthood. Psychiatric Services, 61(8), 796–802. doi:10.1176/ps.2010.61.8.796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S. E., Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Willcutt, E. G., Corley, R. P., Haberstick, B. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009). Behavioral disinhibition: liability for externalizing spectrum disorders and its genetic and environmental relation to response inhibition across adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 117–130. doi:10.1037/a0014657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, R., Mobbs, D., Seymour, B., Rowe, J. B., & Calder, A. J. (2014). The neural signature of escalating frustration in humans. Cortex, 54, 165–178. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y., Ying, K., Wang, J., Su, L., Chen, J., Lin, F., … Wang, S. (2014). Differences in functional activity between boys with pure oppositional defiant disorder and controls during a response inhibition task: A preliminary study. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 8(4), 588–597. doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9275-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zilverstand, A., Huang, A. S., Alia-Klein, N., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2018). Neuroimaging Impaired response inhibition and salience attribution in human drug addiction: A systematic review. Neuron, 98(5), 886–903. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, K., Walz, C., Derckx, R. T., Kendrick, K. M., Weber, B., Dore, B., … Becker, B. (2017). Emotion regulation deficits in regular marijuana users. Human Brain Mapping, 38(8), 4270–4279. doi:10.1002/hbm.23671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar