278
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

PTSD Symptom Severity and Alcohol Use among Firefighters: The Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties

, MA, , BS, , MAORCID Icon & , PhD

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Aurora, P., & Klanecky, A. K. (2016). Drinking motives mediate emotion regulation difficulties and problem drinking in college students. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42(3), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1133633
  • Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (1992). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. World Health Organization.
  • Bacharach, S. B., Bamberger, P. A., & Doveh, E. (2008). Firefighters, critical incidents, and drinking to cope: The adequacy of unit-level performance resources as a source of vulnerability and protection. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.155
  • Bartlett, B. A., Gallagher, M. W., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019). Military veteran status and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology among urban firefighters: The moderating role of emotion regulation difficulties. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 207(4), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000000958
  • Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts
  • Boffa, J. W., Stanley, I. H., Smith, L. J., Mathes, B. M., Tran, J. K., Buser, S. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018). PTSD symptoms and suicide risk in male firefighters: The mediating role of anxiety sensitivity. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000779
  • Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379–1391. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000254
  • Carey, M. G., Al-Zaiti, S. S., Dean, G. E., Sessanna, L., & Finnell, D. S. (2011). Sleep problems, depression, substance use, social bonding, and quality of life in professional firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(8), 928–933. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e318225898f
  • Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., & Maffei, C. (2019). Difficulties with emotion regulation, mindfulness, and substance use disorder severity: The mediating role of self-regulation of attention and acceptance attitudes. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2018.1511724
  • Cloitre, M., Jackson, C., & Schmidt, J. A. (2016). Case reports: STAIR for strengthening social support and relationships among veterans with military sexual trauma and PTSD. Military Medicine, 181(2), e183–e187. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00209
  • Ford, J. D. (2017). Emotion regulation and skills-based interventions. In S. N. Gold (Ed.), APA handbook of trauma psychology: Trauma practice (pp. 227–252). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000020-011
  • Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Hasin, D. S. (2015). Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(8), 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Poston, W. S., Jitnarin, N., Kaipust, C. M., Tuley, B., & Hyder, M. L. (2012). Alcohol use among firefighters in the Central United States. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England), 62(8), 661–664. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqs162
  • Haddock, C. K., Poston, W. S., Jahnke, S. A., & Jitnarin, N. (2017). Alcohol use and problem drinking among women firefighters. Women’s Health Issues, 27(6), 632–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.07.003
  • Hawn, S. E., Cusack, S. E., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). A systematic review of the self‐medication hypothesis in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid problematic alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22521
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
  • Haynes, H. J. G., & Stein, G. P. (2017). U.S. fire department profile – 2015. National Fire Protection Association.
  • Karnick, A. T., Buerke, M., Caulfied, N., Trussell, D., Capron, D. W., & Vujanovic, A., (2022). Alcohol use in firefighters: A network model of behaviors and transdiagnostic risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 4(5), 109677–244. 2., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109677.
  • Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 231. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550
  • Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848
  • Kimbrel, N. A., Flynn, E. J., Carpenter, G. S. J., Cammarata, C. M., Leto, F., Ostiguy, W. J., Kamholz, B. W., Zimering, R. T., & Gulliver, S. B. (2015). Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and predictive validity for a Likert-based version of the Sources of Occupational Stress-14 (SOOS-14) scale. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 961–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.031
  • Kimbrel, N. A., Steffen, L. E., Meyer, E. C., Kruse, M. I., Knight, J. A., Zimering, R. T., & Gulliver, S. B. (2011). A revised measure of occupational stress for firefighters: Psychometric properties and relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance abuse. Psychological Services, 8(4), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025845
  • Kuntsche, E., & Kuntsche, S. (2009). Development and validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF). Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903258967
  • Lebeaut, A., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2020). Posttraumatic stress, alcohol use severity, and alcohol use motives among firefighters: The role of anxiety sensitivity. Addictive Behaviors, 106, 106353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106353
  • Lebeaut, A., Zegel, M., Leonard, S. J., Bartlett, B. A., & Vujanovic, A. A., (2021). Examining transdiagnostic factors among firefighters in relation to trauma exposure, probable PTSD, and probable alcohol use disorder. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 46(1), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2020.1854411
  • Leonard, S. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022). Thwarted belongingness and PTSD symptom severity among firefighters: The role of emotion regulation difficulties. Behavior Modification, (2), 352–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455211002105
  • Mazzardis, S., Vieno, A., Kuntsche, E., & Santinello, M. (2010). Italian validation of the drinking motives questionnaire revised short form (DMQ-R SF). Addictive Behaviors, 35(10), 905–908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.05.002
  • Meyer, E. C., Coe, E., Pennington, M. L., Cammarata, C., Kimbrel, N. A., Ostiguy, W., Leto, F., & Gulliver, S. B. (2022). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders delivered to firefighters via videoconferencing: Pilot outcomes highlighting improvements in alcohol use disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.08.004
  • Meyer, E. C., Zimering, R., Daly, E., Knight, J., Kamholz, B. W., & Gulliver, S. B. (2012). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological symptoms in trauma-exposed firefighters. Psychological Services, 9(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026414
  • Nemeth, Z., Urban, R., Kuntsche, E., San Pedro, E. M., Roales Nieto, J. G., Farkas, J., Futaki, L., Kun, B., Mervo, B., Olah, A., & Demetrovics, Z. (2011). Drinking motives among Spanish and Hungarian young adults: A cross-national study. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 46(3), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agr019
  • Paulus, D. J., Gallagher, M. W., Bartlett, B. A., Tran, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018). The unique and interactive effects of anxiety sensitivity and emotion dysregulation in relation to posttraumatic stress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms among trauma-exposed firefighters. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 84, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.012
  • Radomski, S. A., & Read, J. P. (2016). Mechanistic role of emotion regulation in the PTSD and alcohol association. Traumatology, 22(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000068
  • Read, J. P., Griffin, M. J., Wardell, J. D., & Ouimette, P. (2014). Coping, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol involvement in trauma-exposed college students in the first three years of college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 1052–1064. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038348
  • Rogers, A. H., Zegel, M., Tran, J. K., Zvolensky, M. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2020). Pain intensity, alcohol use motives, and alcohol use among firefighters: The moderating role of pain-related anxiety. Addictive Behaviors, 107, 106415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106415
  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption–II. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
  • Seeley, S. H., Garcia, E., & Mennin, D. S. (2015). Recent advances in laboratory assessment of emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.009
  • Simons, R. M., Hahn, A. M., Simons, J. S., & Murase, H. (2017). Emotion dysregulation and peer drinking norms uniquely predict alcohol-related problems via motives. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.019
  • Stappenbeck, C. A., Gulati, N. K., Jaffe, A. E., Blayney, J. A., & Kaysen, D. (2021). Initial efficacy of a web-based alcohol and emotion regulation intervention for college women with sexual assault histories. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 35(7), 852–865. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000762
  • Tomaka, J., Magoc, D., Morales‐Monks, S. M., & Reyes, A. C. (2017). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol‐related outcomes among municipal firefighters. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22203
  • Tripp, J. C., & McDevitt-Murphy, M. E. (2015). Emotion dysregulation facets as mediators of the relationship between PTSD and alcohol misuse. Addictive Behaviors, 47, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.03.013
  • Vujanovic, A. A., & Tran, J. K. (2021). Providing psychological services to firefighters. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 47(3), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42843-021-00041-6
  • Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). www.ptsd.va.gov.
  • White, N., Wagner, S. L., Corneil, W., Fraess‐Phillips, A., Krutop, E., Fyfe, T., Matthews, L. R., Randall, C., Regehr, C., White, M., Alden, L. E., Buys, N., & Carey, M. G. (2023). Methodological correlates of variability in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in high‐risk occupational groups: A systematic review and meta‐regression. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 66(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23436
  • Zegel, M., Lebeaut, A., Healy, N., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022). Mental health correlates of probable posttraumatic stress disorder, probable alcohol use disorder, and their co-occurrence among firefighters. Behavior Modification, 46(2), 395–421. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455211033517
  • Zegel, M., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2019). Posttraumatic stress, alcohol use, and alcohol use motives among firefighters: The role of distress tolerance. Psychiatry Research, 282, 112633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112633

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.