Co-Occurring Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Alcohol Use Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Drinking to Cope with PTSD Symptoms

References

• Back, S. E., Foa, E. B., Killeen, T. K., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Concurrent treatment of PTSD and substance use disorders using prolonged exposure (COPE): Therapist guide. Treatments That Work.
   Google Scholar
• Back, S. E., Killeen, T., Badour, C. L., Flanagan, J. C., Allan, N. P., Santa Ana, E., Lozano, B., Korte, K. J., Foa, E. B., & Brady, K. T. (2019). Concurrent treatment of substance use disorders and PTSD using prolonged exposure: A randomized clinical trial in military veterans. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C., Xu, Y., Brady, K., Pérez-Fuentes, G., Okuda, M., & Wang, S. (2013). Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder with alcohol dependence among US adults: Results from National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(3), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bountress, K. E., Wendt, F., Bustamante, D., Agrawal, A., Webb, B., Gillespie, N., Edenberg, H., Sheerin, C., Johnson, E., Polimanti, R., & Amstadter, A. (2021). Potential causal effect of posttraumatic stress disorder on alcohol use disorder and alcohol consumption in individuals of European descent: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 45(8), 1616–1623. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, K. M. (1998). A cognitive-behavioral approach: Treating cocaine addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
   Google Scholar
• Cisler, J. M., Amstadter, A. B., Begle, A. M., Resnick, H. S., Danielson, C. K., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). PTSD symptoms, potentially traumatic event exposure, and binge drinking: A prospective study with a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 978–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conigrave, K. M., Hall, W. D., & Saunders, J. B. (1995). The AUDIT Questionnaire: Choosing a cut‐off score. Addiction, 90(10), 1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.901013496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.123
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experience. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hawn, S. E., Aggen, S. H., Cusack, S. E., Group, S. f S. W., Dick, D., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). Examination of a novel measure of trauma‐related drinking to cope. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(10), 1938–1964. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawn, S. E., Bountress, K. E., Sheerin, C. M., Dick, D. M., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020). Trauma-related drinking to cope: A novel approach to the self-medication model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawn, S. E., Cusack, S. E., & Amstadter, A. B. (2020c). A systematic review of the self‐medication hypothesis in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid problematic alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(5), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Richey, J. A., Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2009). Anxiety disorders moderate the association between externalizing problems and substance use disorders: Data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Revised. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(4), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipser, J. C., Wilson, D., Akindipe, T. O., Sager, C., & Stein, D. J. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2015(1), CD007505. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007505
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, H. R., Madson, M. B., Nicholson, B. C., Bravo, A. J., & Pearson, M. R. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and problematic alcohol use in college students: The moderating role of alcohol protective behavioral strategies and gender. Psychological Trauma, 11(3), 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaysen, D., Dillworth, T. M., Simpson, T., Waldrop, A., Larimer, M. E., & Resick, P. A. (2007). Domestic violence and alcohol use: Trauma-related symptoms and motives for drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 32(6), 1272–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsche, E., & Kuntsche, S. (2009). Development and validation of the drinking motive questionnaire revised short form (DMQ–R SF). Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(6), 899–908. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903258967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebeaut, A., Zegel, M., Steinberg, L., Zvolensky, M. J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023). The development and initial validation of the Trauma-Related Alcohol Use Coping Questionnaire [Manuscript in preparation]. Department of Psychology, University of Houston.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, C. T., Mohr, C. D., Hammer, L. B., & Carlson, K. F. (2019). PTSD symptomology and motivated alcohol use among military service members: Testing a conditional indirect effect model of social support. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1517176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E. (2002). Gender differences in collegiate risk factors for heavy episodic drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2002.63.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, K. L., Teesson, M., Ross, J., & Peters, L. (2006). Trauma, PTSD, and substance use disorders: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, S. B., Haller, M., Hamblen, J. L., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2018). The burden of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and PTSD in US Military veterans: Comorbidities, functioning, and suicidality. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 32(2), 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimette, P., Coolhart, D., Funderburk, J. S., Wade, M., & Brown, P. J. (2007). Precipitants of first substance use in recently abstinent substance use disorder patients with PTSD. Addictive Behaviors, 32(8), 1719–1727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus, D. J., Manning, K., Hogan, J. B. D., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). The role of anxiety sensitivity in the relation between anxious arousal and cannabis and alcohol use problems among low-income inner city racial/ethnic minorities. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 48, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F. (2011). Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(3), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins, A., Bovin, M. J., Smolenski, D. J., Marx, B. P., Kimerling, R., Jenkins-Guarnieri, M. A., Kaloupek, D. G., Schnurr, P. P., Kaiser, A. P., Leyva, Y. E., & Tiet, Q. Q. (2016). The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): Development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), 1206–1211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3703-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, N. P., Lotzin, A., & Schäfer, I. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 13(1), 2041831. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2041831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas, S. M., Bujarski, S., Babson, K. A., Dutton, C. E., & Feldner, M. T. (2014). Understanding PTSD comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Associations among histories of alcohol dependence, major depressive disorder, and suicidal ideation and attempts. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(3), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption‐II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, T. L., Goldberg, S. B., Louden, D. K. N., Blakey, S. M., Hawn, S. E., Lott, A., Browne, K. C., Lehavot, K., & Kaysen, D. (2021). Efficacy and acceptability of interventions for co-occurring PTSD and SUD: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 84, 102490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, T. L., Stappenbeck, C. A., Luterek, J. A., Lehavot, K., & Kaysen, D. L. (2014). Drinking motives moderate daily relationships between PTSD symptoms and alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaka, J., Magoc, D., Morales‐Monks, S. M., & Reyes, A. C. (2017). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and alcohol‐related outcomes among municipal firefighters. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., Townsend, S. M., & Starzynski, L. L. (2005). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and problem drinking in sexual assault survivors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(5), 610–619. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2005.66.610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldrop, A. E., Back, S. E., Verduin, M. L., & Brady, K. T. (2007). Triggers for cocaine and alcohol use in the presence and absence of posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 32(3), 634–639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M. (2013). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). The National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/te-measures/life_events_checklist.asp
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). https://www.pstd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp
   Google Scholar
• Wurdak, M., Wolstein, J., & Kuntsche, E. (2016). Effectiveness of a drinking-motive-tailored emergency-room intervention among adolescents admitted to hospital due to acute alcohol intoxication—A randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.12.009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar