Monotonic Association of Increasing Past-Year Substance Use Disorder across a Four-Level Trauma Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Hierarchy in a Nationwide Sample

References

• APA. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition- text revised. APA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Back, S. E., Killeen, T., Badour, C. L., Flanagan, J. C., Allan, N. P., Ana, E. S., Lozano, B., Korte, K. J., Foa, E. B., & Brady, K. T. (2019). Concurrent treatment of substance use disorders and PTSD USing prolonged exposure: A randomized clinical trial in military veterans. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckham, J. C., Kirby, A. C., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Moore, S. D., Crawford, A. L., Davidson, J. R., & Fairbank, J. A. (1997). Prevalence and correlates of heavy smoking in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Addictive Behaviors, 22(5), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00071-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, K. T., Killeen, T. K., Brewerton, T., & Lucerini, S. (2000). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(7), 22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Schultz, L. R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(3), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. (1991). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810270028003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Drug overdose deaths in the US Top 100,000 annually. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., Essock, S. M., Shaner, A., Carey, K. B., Minkoff, K., Kola, L., Lynde, D., Osher, F. C., Clark, R. E., & Rickards, L. (2001). Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 52(4), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake, R. E., Mueser, K. T., Brunette, M. F., & McHugo, G. J. (2004). A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance USe disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 360–374. https://doi.org/10.2975/27.2004.360.374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanagan, J. C., Jones, J. L., Jarnecke, A. M., & Back, S. E. (2018). Behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Alcohol Research, 39(2), 181–192.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2016). The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(8), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, L. K., Southwick, S. M., & Kosten, T. R. (2001). Substance use disorders in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the literature. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1184–1190. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, J. M., Lamp, K., Rauch, S. A., Smith, E. R., & Buchholz, K. R. (2017). The impact of trauma type or number of traumatic events on PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity in treatment seeking veterans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(2), 83–86. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jegede, O., Muvvala, S., Cahill, J., Wade, R., & Jordan, A. (2023). Integrating ambulatory addiction consultation service into a community mental health center. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 17(2), 126–128. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000001081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jegede, O., Rhee, T. G., Stefanovics, E. A., Zhou, B., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2022). Rates and correlates of dual diagnosis among adults with psychiatric and substance USe disorders in a nationally representative U.S sample. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T., Caddell, J., Martin, B., Zimering, R., & Fairbank, J. (1983). Substance abuse among Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2(2), 117–122.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury, L., Tang, Y. L., Bradley, B., Cubells, J. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killeen, T. K., Back, S. E., & Brady, K. T. (2015). Implementation of integrated therapies for comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and substance USe disorders in community substance abUSe treatment programs. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(3), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte, K. J., Bountress, K. E., Tomko, R. L., Killeen, T., Moran-Santa Maria, M., & Back, S. E. (2017). Integrated treatment of PTSD and substance use disorders: the mediating role of PTSD improvement in the reduction of depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm6010009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBouthillier, D. M., McMillan, K. A., Thibodeau, M. A., & Asmundson, G. J. (2015). Types and number of traumas associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in PTSD: Findings from a US nationally representative sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(3), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manhapra, A., Stefanovics, E., & Rosenheck, R. (2015). Treatment outcomes for veterans with PTSD and substance USe: Impact of specific substances and achievement of abstinence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 156, 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFall, M. E., Mackay, P. W., & Donovan, D. M. (1992). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder and severity of substance abUSe in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53(4), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1992.53.357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIAAA. (2020). National epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions-III (NESARC-III). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/research/nesarc-iii. Accessed Dec 23,
   Google Scholar
• Peltier, M. R., Roberts, W., Verplaetse, T. L., Zakiniaeiz, Y., Burke, C., Moore, K. E., & McKee, S. A. (2022). Sex differences across retrospective transitions in posttraumatic stress and substance USe disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 18(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2021.2016027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., & Wittchen, H. U. (2000). Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001046.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sledjeski, E. M., Speisman, B., & Dierker, L. C. (2008). Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(4), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. M., Goldstein, R. B., & Grant, B. F. (2016). The association between post-traumatic stress disorder and lifetime DSM-5 psychiatric disorders among veterans: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 82, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu, M., Rosenheck, R., & Petrakis, I. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of comorbid PTSD and substance USe disorder: Recent progress. Addictive Behaviors, 39(2), 428–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S. H. (1996). Alcohol abuse in individuals exposed to trauma: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 120(1), 83–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, J., Bhugra, D., Lewis, S. J., Drennan, G., & Markham, S. (2021). Is PTSD overdiagnosed? BMJ (Clinical Research ed.), 373, n787. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh, K., Elliott, J. C., Shmulewitz, D., Aharonovich, E., Strous, R., Frisch, A., Weizman, A., Spivak, B., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. (2014). Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana dependence in Israel. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(3), 621–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar