References
- Choi J, Kim ST, Craft J. The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus – an update. Curr Opin Immunol. 2012;24(6):651–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.004.
- Kamen DL. Environmental influences on systemic lupus erythematosus expression. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2014;40(3):401–12. vii. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2014.05.003.
- Bruner BF, Guthridge JM, Lu R, Vidal G, Kelly JA, Robertson JM, Kamen DL, Gilkeson GS, Neas BR, Reichlin M, et al. Comparison of autoantibody specificities between traditional and bead-based assays in a large, diverse collection of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and family members. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(11):3677–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34651.
- Hedrich CM, Tsokos GC. Epigenetic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(12):714–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.005.
- Parks CG, de Souza Espindola Santos A, Barbhaiya M, Costenbader KH. Understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(3):306–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.005.
- Relle M, Foehr B, Schwarting A. Epigenetic aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Ther. 2015;2(1):33–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-015-0014-y.
- Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Epigenetics in systemic lupus erythematosus: leading the way for specific therapeutic agents. Int J Clin Rheumatol. 2011;6(4):423–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.2217/ijr.11.32.
- Quddus J, Johnson KJ, Gavalchin J, Amento EP, Chrisp CE, Yung RL, Richardson BC. Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. J Clin Invest. 1993;92(1):38–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116576.
- Richardson B, Scheinbart L, Strahler J, Gross L, Hanash S, Johnson M. Evidence for impaired T cell DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(11):1665–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780331109.
- Zhou Y, Lu Q. DNA methylation in T cells from idiopathic lupus and drug-induced lupus patients. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(5):376–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.003.
- Lu Q, Wu A, Richardson BC. Demethylation of the same promoter sequence increases CD70 expression in lupus T Cells and T Cells treated with lupus-inducing drugs. J Immunol. 2005;174(10):6212–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6212.
- Oelke K, Lu Q, Richardson D, Wu A, Deng C, Hanash S, Richardson B. Overexpression of CD70 and overstimulation of IgG synthesis by lupus T cells and T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(6):1850–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20255.
- Sawalha AH, Jeffries M. Defective DNA methylation and CD70 overexpression in CD4+ T cells in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(5):1407–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636872.
- Lee WW, Yang ZZ, Li G, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Unchecked CD70 expression on T cells lowers threshold for T cell activation in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol. 2007;179(4):2609–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2609.
- Luo Y, Zhao M, Lu Q. Demethylation of promoter regulatory elements contributes to CD70 overexpression in CD4+ T cells from patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(4):425–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03611.x.
- Yin H, Zhao M, Wu X, Gao F, Luo Y, Ma L, Liu S, Zhang G, Chen J, Li F, et al. Hypomethylation and overexpression of CD70 (TNFSF7) in CD4+ T cells of patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. J Dermatol Sci. 2010;59(3):198–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.06.011.
- Meyer B, Chavez RA, Munro JE, Chiaroni-Clarke RC, Akikusa JD, Allen RC, Craig JM, Ponsonby A-L, Saffery R, Ellis JA, et al. DNA methylation at IL32 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):11063. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11063.
- Huang X, Su G, Wang Z, Shangguan S, Cui X, Zhu J, Kang M, Li S, Zhang T, Wu F, et al. Hypomethylation of long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 in peripheral mononuclear cells of juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients in China. Int J Rheum Dis. 2014;17(3):280–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12239.
- Petri M, Orbai A-M, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, Bruce IN, Isenberg D, Wallace DJ, Nived O, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34473.
- Lo P-K, Watanabe H, Cheng P-C, Teo WW, Liang X, Argani P, Lee JS, Sukumar S. MethySYBR, a novel quantitative PCR assay for the dual analysis of DNA methylation and CpG methylation density. J Mol Diagn. 2009;11(5):400–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.2353/jmoldx.2009.080126.
- Schmittgen TD, Livak KJ. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(6):1101–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.73.
- Husseiny MI, Kuroda A, Kaye AN, Nair I, Kandeel F, Ferreri K. Development of a quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction method for monitoring beta cell death in type 1 diabetes. PloS One. 2012;7(10):e47942. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047942.
- Tsokos GC. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(22):2110–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1100359.
- Harley ITW, Kaufman KM, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, Kelly JA. Genetic susceptibility to SLE: new insights from fine mapping and genome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(5):285–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2571.
- Farivar S, Effects of major epigenetic factors on systemic lupus erythematosus. IBJ. 2018;22(5):294–302, Shaabanpour Aghamaleki F. doi:https://doi.org/10.29252/ibj.22.5.294.
- Hedrich CM. Epigenetics in SLE. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017;19(9):58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0685-1.
- Mazzone R, Zwergel C, Artico M, Taurone S, Ralli M, Greco A, Mai A. The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders. Clin Epigenet. 2019;11(1):34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2.
- Schildknecht A, Miescher I, Yagita H, van den Broek M. Priming of CD8+ T cell responses by pathogens typically depends on CD70-mediated interactions with dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(3):716–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636824.
- Tesselaar K, Xiao Y, Arens R, van Schijndel GMW, Schuurhuis DH, Mebius RE, Borst J, van Lier RAW. Expression of the murine CD27 ligand CD70 in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol. 2003;170(1):33–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.33.
- Kashii Y, Giorda R, Herberman RB, Whiteside TL, Vujanovic NL. Constitutive expression and role of the TNF family ligands in apoptotic killing of tumor cells by human NK cells. J. Immunol. 1999;163(10):5358–66.
- Akiba H, Nakano H, Nishinaka S, Shindo M, Kobata T, Atsuta M, Morimoto C, Ware CF, Malinin NL, Wallach D, et al. CD27, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, activates NF-kappaB and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase via TRAF2, TRAF5, and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(21):13353–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.21.13353.
- Denoeud J, Moser M. Role of CD27/CD70 pathway of activation in immunity and tolerance. J Leukoc Biol. 2011;89(2):195–203. doi:https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0610351.
- Xiao Y, Hendriks J, Langerak P, Jacobs H, Borst J. CD27 is acquired by primed B cells at the centroblast stage and promotes germinal center formation. J Immunol. 2004;172(12):7432–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7432.
- Arens R, Tesselaar K, Baars PA, van Schijndel GMW, Hendriks J, Pals ST, Krimpenfort P, Borst J, van Oers MHJ, van Lier RAW, et al. Constitutive CD27/CD70 interaction induces expansion of effector-type T cells and results in IFNgamma-mediated B cell depletion. Immunity. 2001;15(5):801–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(01)00236-9.
- Arens R, Nolte MA, Tesselaar K, Heemskerk B, Reedquist KA, van Lier RAW, van Oers MHJ. Signaling through CD70 regulates B cell activation and IgG production. J Immunol. 2004;173(6):3901–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3901.
- Kuka M, Munitic I, Giardino Torchia ML, Ashwell JD. CD70 is downregulated by interaction with CD27. J Immunol. 2013;191(5):2282–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1300868.
- Zhao M, Sun Y, Gao F, Wu X, Tang J, Yin H, Luo Y, Richardson B, Lu Q. Epigenetics and SLE: RFX1 downregulation causes CD11a and CD70 overexpression by altering epigenetic modifications in lupus CD4+ T cells. J Autoimmun. 2010;35(1):58–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2010.02.002.
- Park JK, Han BK, Park JA, Woo YJ, Kim SY, Lee EY, Lee EB, Chalan P, Boots AM, Song YW, et al. CD70-expressing CD4 T cells produce IFN-gamma and IL-17 in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. 2014;53(10):1896–900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu171.
- Jiang H, Xiao R, Lian XRi, Kanekura T, Luo Y, Yin Y, Zhang G, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhao M, et al. Demethylation of TNFSF7 contributes to CD70 overexpression in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Immunol. 2012;143(1):39–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.005.
- Yung RL, Quddus J, Chrisp CE, Johnson KJ, Richardson BC. Mechanism of drug-induced lupus. I. Cloned Th2 cells modified with DNA methylation inhibitors in vitro cause autoimmunity in vivo. J Immunol. 1995;154(6):3025–35.
- Scheinbart LS, Johnson MA, Gross LA, Edelstein SR, Richardson BC. Procainamide inhibits DNA methyltransferase in a human T cell line. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:530–4.
- Friedman S. The Inhibition of DNA(Cytosine-5)Methylases by 5-Azacytidine. The Effect of Azacytosine-Containing DNA. Mol Pharmacol. 1981;19(2):314–20.
- Deng C, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Rao T, Attwood J, Yung R, Richardson B. Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(3):746–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10833.
- Wang Z, Chang C, Peng M, Lu Q. Translating epigenetics into clinic: focus on lupus. Clin Epigenet. 2017;9(1):78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-017-0378-7.
- Long H, Yin H, Wang L, Gershwin ME, Lu Q. The critical role of epigenetics in systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:118–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.020.
- Hedrich CM, Crispin JC, Tsokos GC. Epigenetic regulation of cytokine expression in systemic lupus erythematosus with special focus on T cells. Autoimmun. 2014;47(4):234–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/08916934.2013.801462.
- Hedrich CM, Mäbert K, Rauen T, Tsokos GC. DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Epigenomics. 2017;9(4):505–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.2217/epi-2016-0096.
- Chen SH, Lv QL, Hu L, Peng MJ, Wang GH, Sun B. DNA methylation alterations in the pathogenesis of lupus. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017;187(2):185–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12877.
- Li Y, Zhao M, Yin H, Gao F, Wu X, Luo Y, Zhao S, Zhang X, Su Y, Hu N, et al. Overexpression of the growth arrest and DNA damage–induced 45α gene contributes to autoimmunity by promoting DNA demethylation in lupus T cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(5):1438–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27363.