288
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: Why is Prenatal Diagnosis Important?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 592-602 | Received 08 Apr 2021, Accepted 13 May 2021, Published online: 09 Jun 2021

References

  • Cha EM, Khoury GH. Persistent left superior vena cava: radiologic and clinical significance. Radiology. 1972;103(2):375–81. doi:10.1148/103.2.375.
  • Nsah EN, Moore GW, Hutchins GM. Pathogenesis of persistent left superior vena cava with a coronary sinus connection. Pediatr Pathol. 1991;11(2):261–9. doi:10.3109/15513819109064763.
  • Biffi M, Boriani G, Frabetti L, Bronzetti G, Branzi A. Left superior vena cava persistence in patients undergoing pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation: a 10-year experience. Chest. 2001;120(1):139–44. doi:10.1378/chest.120.1.139.
  • Gustapane S, Leombroni M, Khalil A, Giacci F, Marrone L, Bascietto F, Rizzo G, Acharya G, Liberati M, D’Antonio F. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of persistent left superior vena cava on prenatal ultrasound: associated anomalies, diagnostic accuracy and postnatal outcome. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. 2016;48(6):701–8. doi:10.1002/uog.15914.
  • Berg C, Knüppel M, Geipel A, Kohl T, Krapp M, Knöpfle G, Germer U, Hansmann M, Gembruch U. Prenatal diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava and its associated congenital anomalies. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. 2006;27(3):274–80. doi:10.1002/uog.2704.
  • Pasquini L, Belmar C, Seale A, Gardiner HM. Prenatal diagnosis of absent right and persistent left superior vena cava. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26(8):700–2. doi:10.1002/pd.1483.
  • Freund M, Stoutenbeek P, ter Heide H, Pistorius L. Tobacco pipe’ sign in the fetüs: patent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena cava. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2008;32(4):593–4. doi:10.1002/uog.5392.
  • Crispi F, Martinez JM. Anomalies of systemic venous return. In: Copel JA, editors. Obstetric imaging: fetal diagnosis and care. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2018. p. 411–14.
  • Rein AJ, Nir A, Nadjari M. The coronary sinus in the fetus. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. 2000;15(6):468–72. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00142.x.
  • Galindo A, Gutiérrez‐Larraya F, Escribano D, Arbues J, Velasco J. Clinical significance of persistent left superior vena cava diagnosed in fetal life. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. 2007;30(2):152–61. doi:10.1002/uog.4045.
  • Carvalho J, Allan L, Chaoui R, Copel J, DeVore G, Hecher K, Lee W, Munoz H, Paladini D, Tutschek B. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic screening examination of the fetal heart. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecol. 2013;41(3):348–59. doi:10.1002/uog.12403.
  • Lee W, Allan L, Carvalho JS, Chaoui R, Copel J, Devore G, Hecher K, Munoz H, Nelson T, Paladini D, et al. ISUOG consensus statement: what constitutes a fetal echocardiogram?Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;32(2):239–42.6115 doi:10.1002/uog.
  • Solomon J. The three vessel and tracheal view in fetal cardiology: embryology. In: Yagel S, Silverman NH, Gembruch U, editors. Genetics, physiology, echocardiographic evaluation, diagnosis and perinatal management cardiac diseases; Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2019. p. 148–58.
  • Sinkovskaya E, Klassen A, Abuhamad A. A novel systematic approach to the evaluation of the fetal venous system. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;18(5):269–78. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2013.05.009.
  • Chaoui R, Heling K, Karl K. Ultrasound of the fetal veins part 1: the intrahepatic venous system. Ultraschall in Der Medizin-Eur J Ultrasound. 2014;35(03):208–28. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1366316.
  • Fraser RS, Dvorkin J, Rossall RE, Eidem R. Left superior vena cava: a review of associated congenital heart lesions, catheterization data and roentgenologic findings. Am J Med. 1961;31(5):711–6. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(61)90155-3.
  • Chaoui R, Heling KS, Kalache KD. Caliber of the coronary sinus in fetuses with cardiac defects with and without left persistent superior vena cava and in growth-restricted fetuses with heart-sparing effect. Prenat Diagn. 2003;23(7):552–7. doi:10.1002/pd.626.
  • Choi EY, Hong SK, Jeong NY. Clinical characteristics of prenatally diagnosed persistent left superior vena cava in low‐risk pregnancies. Prenatal Diagnosis. 2016;36(5):444–8. doi:10.1002/pd.4801.
  • Yagel S, Arbel R, Anteby EY, Raveh D, Achiron R. The three vessels and trachea view (3VT) in fetal cardiac scanning. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(4):340–5. doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00801.x.
  • Postema PG, Rammeloo LA, van Litsenburg R, Rothuis EG, Hruda J. Left superior vena cava in pediatric cardiology associated with extra-cardiac anomalies. Int J Cardiol. 2008;123(3):302–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.12.020.
  • Kula S, Cevik A, Sanli C, Pektas A, Tunaoglu FS, Oguz AD, Olgunturk R. Persistent left superior vena cava: experience of a tertiary health-care center. Pediatr Int. 2011;53(6):1066–9. doi:10.1111/j.1442-200X.2011.03443.x.
  • Sarodia BD, Stoller JK. Persistent left superior vena cava: case report and literature review. Respir Care. 2000;45(4):411–6.
  • Machevin-Surugue E, David N, Verspyck E, Labadie G, Blaysat G, Durand I, Ickowicz V, Marpeau L. Dilated coronary sinus in prenatal echocardiography; identification, associations and outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22(10):898–902.397 doi:10.1002/pd.
  • Papa M, Camesasca C, Santoro F, Zoia E, Fragasso G, Giannico S, Chierchia SL. Fetal echocardiography in detecting anomalous pulmonary venous connection: four false positive cases. Br Heart J. 1995;73(4):355–8. doi:10.1136/hrt.73.4.355.
  • Yildiz AE, Cayci FS, Genc S, Cakar N, Fitoz S. Right nutcracker syndrome associated with left-sided inferior vena cava, hemiazygos continuation and persistant left superior vena cava: a rare combination. Clin Imaging. 2014;38(3):340–5. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2013.12.007.
  • Guray Y, Yelgec NS, Guray U, Yylmaz MB, Boyaci A, Korkmaz S. Left-sided or transposed inferior vena cava ascending as hemiazygos vein and draining into the coronary sinus via persistent left superior vena cava: case report. Int J Cardiol. 2004;93(2-3):293–5. 00154-2 doi:10.1016/s0167-5273(03).
  • Dibardino DJ, Fraser CD, Jr., Dickerson HA, Heinle JS, McKenzie ED, Kung G. Left ventricular inflow obstruction associated with persistent left superior vena cava and dilated coronary sinus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(4):959–62. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2003.07.010.
  • Pasquini L, Fichera A, Tan T, Ho S, Gardiner H. Left superior caval vein: a powerful indicator of fetal coarctation. Heart. 2005;91(4):539–40. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.045443.
  • Yilmaz O, Celik OY. Prenatal diagnosis of double-outlet right ventricle with tricuspid valve atresia, anomalous pulmonary vein connection, persistent left superior vena cava, and right atrial isomerism. J Clin Ultrasound. 2021;49(3):262–4. doi:10.1002/jcu.
  • Esmer A, Yüksel A, Calı H, Ozsürmeli M, Omeroğlu RE, Kalelioğlu I, Has R. Prenatal diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava and its clinical significance. Balkan Med J. 2014;31(1):50–4. doi:10.5152/balkanmedj.2014.9426.
  • Mărginean C, Mărginean CO, Muntean I, Togănel R, Meliț LE, Mărginean MO, Gozar L. Ultrasonographic features of the persistence of superior left vena cava and pathological cardiac associations in fetus. Case series. Med Ultrason. 2016;18(2):214–7. doi:10.11152/mu.2013.2066.182.fet.
  • Du L, Xie HN, Zhu YX, Li LJ, Peng R, Zheng J. Fetal persistent left superior vena cava in cases with and without chromosomal anomalies. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(8):797–802. doi:10.1002/pd.4380.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.