Vegans of color: managing visible and invisible stigmas

References

• Alkon, A. H., D. Block, K. Moore, C. Gillis, N. DiNuccio, and N. Chavez. 2013. “Foodways of the Urban Poor.” Geoforum 48: 126–135. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkon, A. H., and M. Christie Grace. 2011. “Whiteness and Farmers Markets: Performances, Perpetuations. Contestations?” Antipode 43 (4): 937–959. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00818.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher, K., and E. Cherry. 2015. “Home Is Where the Food Is: Barriers to Vegetarianism and Veganism in the Domestic Sphere.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies 13 (1): 66–91.
   Google Scholar
• Beardsworth, A., and T. Keil. 1991. “Vegetarianism, Veganism, and Meat Avoidance: Recent Trends and Findings.” British Food Journal 93 (4): 19–24. doi:10.1108/00070709110135231.
   Google Scholar
• Beardsworth, A., and T. Keil. 1997. Sociology on the Menu: An Invitation to the Study of Food and Society. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, S., S. Elliott, and J. Brenton. 2014. “The Joy of Cooking?” Contexts 13 (3): 20–25. doi:10.1177/1536504214545755.
   Google Scholar
• Bresnahan, M., J. Zhuang, and X. Zhu. 2015. “Stigma and Health Why Is the Vegan Line in the Dining Hall Always the Shortest? Understanding Vegan Stigma.” Stigma and Health. 1–13. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/sah0000011
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, E. 2006. “Veganism as A Cultural Movement: A Relational Approach.” Social Movement Studies 5 (2): 155–170. doi:10.1080/14742830600807543.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, E. 2015. “I Was a Teenage Vegan: Motivation and Maintenance of Lifestyle Movements.” Sociological Inquiry 85 (1): 55–74. doi:10.1111/soin.12061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clair, J. A., J. E. Beatty, T. L. Maclean, J. A. Clair, and T. L. Maclean. 2016. “Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind : Managing Invisible Social Identities in the Workplace.” The Academy of Management Review 30 (1): 78–95. doi:10.5465/AMR.2005.15281431.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, M., and K. Morgan. 2011. “Vegaphobia : Derogatory Discourses of Veganism and the Reproduction of Speciesism in UK.” The British Journal of Sociology 62 (1): 134–153. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2010.01348.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielle, M. 2010. “Nutrition Liberation: Plant-Baseed Diets as a Tool for Healing, Resistance, and Self-Reliance.” In Sistah Vegan: Black Female Vegans Speak on Food, Identity, Health, and Society, edited by A. Breeze Harper. New York: Lantern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Drew, A. 2010. “Being a Sistah at PETA.” In Sistah Vegan: Black Female Vegans Speak on Food, Identity, Health, and Society, edited by A. B. Harper, 61–64. New York: Lantern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Esquibel, C. R. 2016. “Decolonizing Your Diet: Notes Towards Decolonization.” Food First: Dismantling Racism in the Food System 7: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, N., and K. Ward. 2008. “Health, Ethics and Environment: A Qualitative Study of Vegetarian Motivations.” Appetite 50 (2–3): 422–429. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Reseach. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewoood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Greenebaum, J. B. 2012. “Managing Impressions: ‘“ Face-Saving”’ Strategies of Vegetarians and Vegans.” Humanity & society 36 (4): 309–325. doi:10.1177/0160597612458898.
   Google Scholar
• Greenebaum, J. B. 2016. “Questioning the Concept of Vegan Privilege : A Commentary,” Humanity & Society 1–18. pre-print. Accessed April 13 2016 doi:10.1177/0160597616640308.
   Google Scholar
• Guthman, J. 2008a. “Bringing Good Food to Others: Investigating the Subjects of Alternative Food Practices.” Cultural Geographies 15: 431–447. doi:10.1177/1474474008094315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthman, J. 2008b. “‘If They Only Knew’: Color Blindness and Universalism in California Alternative Food Institutions.” The Professional Geographer 60 (3): 387–397. doi:10.1080/00330120802013679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, A. B. 2010a. “Race as a ‘Feeble Matter’ in Veganism: Interrogating Whiteness, Geopolitical Privilege, and Consumption Philosophy of ‘Cruelty-Free’ Products.” Journal for Critical Animal Studies 8 (3): 5–27. http://www.criticalanimalstudies.org/?page_id=393.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, A. B. 2010b. Sistah Vegan. edited by A. Breeze Harper. New York, NY: Lantern Books
   Google Scholar
• Harper, A. B. 2011a. “Veganporn.Com & ‘Sistah’: Explorations of Whiteness through Textual Linguistic Cyberminstrelsy on the Internet.” In Cultural Identity and New Communication Technologies: Political, Ethnic, and Ideological Implication, edited by N. Wachanga, 235–255. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, A. B. 2011b. “Vegans of Color, Racialized Embodiement and Problematics of the “Exotic.” In Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability, edited by J. Aikon, A. Hope, and Agyeman. Boston: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, A. B. 2012. “Going beyond the Normative White ‘Post-Racial’ Vegan Epistemology Taking Food Public: Redefining Foodways in a Changing World.” In Taking Food Public: Redefining Foodways in a Changing World, edited by P. Williams-Forson and C. Counihan, 155–174. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschler, C. A. 2011. “What Pushed Me over the Edge Was a Deer Hunter’: Being Vegan in North America.” Society & Animals 19 (2): 156–174. doi:10.1163/156853011X562999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howerton, G., and A. Trauger. 2017. “Oh Honey, Don’t You Know?’: The Social Construction of Food Access in a Food Desert.” ACME: An International Journalfor Critical Geographies 16 (4): 740–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs, J., C. M. Devine, and J. Sobal. 1998. “Maintaining Vegetarian Diets: Personal Factors, Social Networks and Environmental Resources.” Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 59 (4): 183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabs, J., J. Sobal, and C. Devine. 2010. “Managing Vegetarianism : Identities, Norms and Interactions.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition 39 (5): 375–394. doi:10.1080/03670244.2000.9991625.
   Google Scholar
• Janda, S., and P. J. Trocchia. 2001. “Vegetarianism: Toward a Greater Understanding.” Psychology and Marketing 18 (12): 1205–1240. doi:10.1002/mar.1050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joachim, G., and S. Acorn. 2000. “Living with Chronic Illness: The Interface of Stigma and Normalization.” Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 32 (2): 37–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, J., M. Szabo, and A. Rodney. 2011. “Good Food, Good People: Understanding the Cultural Repertoire of Ethical Eating.” Journal of Consumer Culture 11 (3): 293–318. doi:10.1177/1469540511417996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joy, M. 2011. Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows: An Introduction to Carnism. San Francisco, CA: Conari Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ko, A. n.d. “#Blackvegansrock: 100 Black Vegans to Check Out.” Striving with Systems. Accessed March 17 2018. https://strivingwithsystems.com/2015/06/11/blackvegansrock-100-black-vegans-to-check-out/
   Google Scholar
• Ko, A., and K. Syl. 2017. Aphro-Ism: Essays on Pop Culture, Feminism, and Black Veganism from Two Sisters. Brooklyn, NY: Lantern Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz, H. 2013. “Linking Food Deserts and Racial Segregation: Challenges and Limitations.” In Geographies of Race and Food: Fields, Bodies, Market, edited by R. Slocum and A. Saldanha, 247–264. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, C. L., U. Rönnlund, G. Johansson, and L. Dahlgren. 2003. “Veganism as Status Passage: The Process of Becoming a Vegan among Youths in Sweden.” Appetite 41 (1): 61–67. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00045-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist, A. 2013. “Beyond Hippies and Rabbit Food : The Social Effects of Vegetarianism and Veganism.” University of Puget Sound.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, B. 2000. “‘Once You Know Something, You Can’t Not Know It’: An Empirical Look at Becoming Vegan.” Society & Animals 8 (1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, W. F. 2009. African American Food Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, M. C. 2011. “Decolonizing Our Plates: Analyzing San Diego and Vegans of Color Food Politics.” Master’s Thesis, San Diego: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Paddock, J. 2015a. “Invoking Simplicity: ‘Alternative’ Food and the Reinvention of Distinction.” Sociologia Ruralis 55 (1): 22–40. doi:10.1111/soru.12056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paddock, J. 2015b. “Positioning Food Cultures: ‘Alternative’ Food as Distinctive Consumer Practice.” Sociology 38038515585474. doi:10.1177/0038038515585474.
   Google Scholar
• Polish, J. 2016. “Decolonizing Veganism: On Resisting Vegan Whiteness and Racism.” In Critical Perspectives on Veganism, edited by J. Castricano and R. R. Simonsen, 373–391. Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Potts, A., and J. Parry. 2010. “Vegan Sexuality: Challenging Heteronormative Masculinity through Meat-Free Sex.” Feminism & Psychology 20 (1): 53–72. doi:10.1177/0959353509351181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Project, Food Empowerment. 2010. “‘Shining a Light on the Valley of Heart’s Delight’: Taking a Look at Access to Healthy Foods in Santa Clara County’s Communities of Color and Low-Income Communities.” http://www.foodispower.org/documents/FEP_Report_web_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez, M. M. 2015. “The Elusive Inclusive: Black Food Geographies and Racialized Food Spaces.” Antipode 47 (3): 748–769. doi:10.1111/anti.12131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romo, L. K., E. Donovan-Kicken, L. K. Romo, and E. Donovan-Kicken. 2012. “‘Actually, I Don’t Eat Meat’: A Multiple Goal Perspective of Communication about Vegetarianism.” No. February 2013: 405–420. doi:10.1080/10510974.2011.623752.
   Google Scholar
• Roth, L. K. 2005. “‘Beef. It’s What’s for Dinner’: Vegetarians, Meat-Eaters and the Negotiation of Familial Relationships.” Food, Culture & Society 8 (2): 181–200. doi:10.2752/155280105778055272.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, K. 2018. “The Vegan Race Wars: How the Mainstream Ignores Vegans of Color.” The Thrilllist. Accessed March 17 2018. https://www.thrillist.com/eat/nation/vegan-race-wars-white-veganism
   Google Scholar
• Slocum, R. 2006. “Whiteness, Space and Alternative Food Practice.” Geoforum. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.10.006.shanno.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slocum, R. 2013. “Race in the Study of Food.” In Geographies of Race and Food: Fields, Bodies, Market, edited by R. Slocum and A. Saldanha, 25–57. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sneijder, P., and H. te Molder. 2005. “Moral Logic and Logical Morality: Attributions of Responsibility and Blame in Online Discourse on Veganism.” Discourse & Society 16 (5): 675–696. doi:10.1177/0957926505054941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneijder, P., and H. te Molder. 2009. “Normalizing Ideological Food Choice and Eating Practices. Identity Work in Online Discussions on Veganism.” Appetite 52 (3): 621–630. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, B. 2014. Afro-Vegan: Farm-Fresh, African, Caribbean, & Southern Flavors Remixed. Kindle. Berkeley, CA: 10 Speed Press.
   Google Scholar
• Twine, R. 2014. “Vegan Killjoys at the Table—Contesting Happiness and Negotiating Relationships with Food Practices.” Societies623–639. doi:10.3390/soc4040623.
   Google Scholar
• Twitty, M. W. 2017. The Cooking Gene: A JOurney through African American Culinary History of the Old South. New York: Amistad Press.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, W. C. 2007. “Soul Food as Cultural Creation.” In African American Foodways, edited by A. Bower, 45–58. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wrenn, C. 2016. A Rational Approach to Animal Rights: Extensions in Abolitionist Theory. London, UK: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Wrenn, C. L., and R. Johnson. 2013. “A Critique of Single-Issue Campaigning and the Importance of Comprehensive Abolitionist Vegan Advocacy.” Food, Culture and Society 16 (4): 651–668. doi:10.2752/175174413X13758634982092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, L. 2015. The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror. Athens, GA: University of George Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yentsch, A. 2007. “Excavating the South’s African American Food History.” In African American Foodways, edited by A. Bower, 59–100. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar