REFERENCES
- Agle, B. R., Mitchell, R. K., & Sonnefeld, J. A. (1999). Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 507–525.
- Aldrich, H. E., & Herker, D. (1977). Boundary spanning roles and organization structure. Academy of Management Review, 2, 217–230.
- Bentele, G., & Nothhaft, H. (2010). Strategic communication and the public sphere from a European perspective. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 4, 93–116.
- Botan, C. H., & Hazleton, V. (2006). Public relations in a new age. In C. Botan & V. Hazelton ( Eds.), Public relations theory II ( pp. 1–18). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Boyd, J. (2000). Actional legitimation: No crisis necessary. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12, 341–353.
- Carleton, W. T., Nelson, J. M., & Weisbach, M. S. (1998). The influence of institutions on corporate governance through private negotiations: Evidence from TIAA-CREF. The Journal of Finance, 53(4), 1335–1362.
- Clarkson, M. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 92–117.
- CONSOL Energy 2011 Corporate Responsibility Report. Retrieved from http://consolenergy.com/CorporateResponsibilityReport/2011New/index.html
- CONSOL Energy 2012 Corporate Responsibility Report. Retrieved from http://consolenergy.com/CorporateResponsibilityReport/2012New/index.html
- CONSOL Energy Inc. Form 10-K. (2013). United States Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10-K. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1070412/000119312513046119/d483833d10ka.htm
- CONSOL Energy Inc. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Filings. (2009a). New York City Public Pension Funds shareholder letter. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/14a-8/2009/nyccomptroller022709-14a8.pdfhttp://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/14a-8/2009/nyccomptroller022709-14a8.pdf
- CONSOL Energy Inc. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Filings. (2009b). No-action letter to New York City Public Pension Funds Shareholder Resolution. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/14a-8/2009/nyccomptroller022709-14a8.pdf
- CONSOL Energy Inc. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Filings. (2010). New York City Public Pension Funds shareholder resolution. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/14a-8/2010/nyccomptroller022309-14a8.pdf
- Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2012). Fringe public relations: How activism moves critical pr toward the mainstream. Public Relations Review, 38, 880–887.
- Deephouse, D. L., & Suchman, M. (2008). Legitimacy in organizational institutionalism. In R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby, & K. Sahlin-Anderson ( Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism ( pp. 49–77). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.
- Forbes Profiles. (2013). Fredriksen, K. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/profile/fredriksen/
- Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment. (2013). Socially responsible investing facts. Retrieved from http://www.ussif.org/sribasics
- Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Gillan, S. L., & Starks, L. T. (1998). A survey of shareholder activism: motivation and empirical evidence. Contemporary Finance Digest, 2, 10–34.
- Gillan, S. L., & Starks, L. T. (2007). The evolution of shareholder activism in the United States. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 19, 557–3.
- Gough, P. J. (2013, March). CONSOL wins two environmental cleanup. Pittsburgh Business Times Awards. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/print-edition/2012/04/20/katharine-fredriksen-consol-energy-inc.html
- Graves, S. B., Waddock, S., & Rehbein, K. (2001). Fad and fashion in shareholder activism: The landscape of shareholder resolutions. Business and Society Review, 106, 293–314.
- Guay, T., Doh, J. P., & Sinclair, G. (2004). Non-governmental organizations, shareholder activism, and socially responsible investments: Ethical, strategic, and governance implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 52, 125–139.
- Hallahan, K., Holtzhausen, D., van Ruler, B., Verčič, D., & Sriramesh, K. (2007). Defining strategic communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 1, 3–35.
- Heath, R. L. (2006). Onward into more fog: Thoughts on public relations’ research directions. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18, 93–114.
- Heath, R. L., & Palenchar, M. J. (2009). Strategic issues management: Organizations and public policy challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR). (2013). Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.iccr.org
- Investor Network on Climate Risk. (2013). Corporate dialogues. Retrieved from http://www.ceres.org/incr/engagement/corporate-dialogues.
- Investor Responsibility Research Center. (2013). Mission. Retrieved from http://irrcinstitute.org/about.php?page=mission&nav=2
- Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (1998). Building dialogic relationships through the World Wide Web. Public Relations Review, 24, 321–334.
- Kiefer, P. (2013). Proactive comms key for rise in shareholder activism. PRWeek. Retrieved from http://www.prweekus.com/proactive-comms-key-for-rise-in-shareholder-activism/article/276385/
- Laskin, A. V. (2009). A descriptive account of the investor relations profession: A national study. Journal of Business Communication, 46, 208–233.
- Lee, M. P., & Lounsbury, M. (2011). Domesticating radical rant and rage: An exploration of the consequences of environmental shareholder resolutions on corporate environmental performance. Business and Society, 50, 155–188.
- Litvak, A. (2011, December 30). New faces in the Burgh: Katharine Fredrikson, CONSOL Energy Inc. Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/print-edition/2011/12/30/katharine-fredriksen-consol-energy-inc.html
- Litvak, A. (2012, April 20). Five minutes with Katharine Fredrikson, CONSOL Energy Inc. Pittsburgh Business Times. Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/print-edition/2012/04/20/katharine-fredriksen-consol-energy-inc.html?page=all
- Logsdon, J. M., & van Buren, H. J. (2008). Justice and large corporations: What do activist shareholders want? Business & Society, 47, 523–548.
- MacLeod, M. (2009). Emerging investor networks and the construction of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 34, 69–96.
- Mahoney, W. F. (1991). Investor relations: The professional’s guide to financial marketing and communications. New York, NY: New York Institute of Finance.
- Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutional organizations: Formal structures as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 80, 340–363.
- Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22, 853–886.
- New York City Public Pension Funds Fall Post Season Report. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.comptroller.nyc.gov/bureaus/bam/corp_gover_pdf/2010-Shareholder-report.pdf
- Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and process in modern societies. New York, NY: Free Press.
- PRNewswire (2012). CONSOL Energy publishes 2011 Corporate Social Responsibility Report. Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/consol-energy-publishes-2011-corporate-responsibility-report-144267855.html
- Rao, H., & Sivakumar, K. (1999). Institutional sources of boundary spanning structures: The establishment of investor relations departments in the Fortune 500 industrials. Organizational Science, 10, 27–42.
- Rehbein, K., Waddock, S., & Graves, S. B. (2004). Understanding shareholder activism: Which corporations are targeted? Business and Society, 43, 239–267.
- Rowley, T. J., & Moldoveanu, M. (2003). When will stakeholders groups act? An interest and identity model of stakeholder group mobilization. Academy of Management Review, 28, 204–219.
- Sandhu, S. (2009). Strategic communication: An institutional perspective. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 3, 72–92.
- Schultz, F., & Wehmeier, S. (2010). Institutionalization of corporate social responsibility within corporate communications: combining institutional, sensemaking and communication perspectives. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 15, 9–29.
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). (2013). Shareholder proposals. Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/interps/legal/cfslb14.htm
- Sethi, S. P. (1979). A conceptual framework for environmental analysis of social issues and evaluation of business response patterns. Academy of Management Review, 4, 63–74.
- Sjöström, E. (2008). Shareholder activism for corporate social responsibility: What do we know? Sustainable Development, 16, 141–154.
- Smith, M. P. (2012). Shareholder activism by institutional investors: Evidence from CalPERS. Journal of Finance, 51, 227–232.
- Smith, M., & Ferguson, D. (2010). Activism 2.0. In R. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of public relations (pp. 395–408), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review, 20, 571–610.
- Toth, E. (2010). Reflections on the field. In R. L. Heath ( Ed.), Handbook of public relations. ( pp. 689–715). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- US SIF: The Forum for sustainable and responsible investment (2013). Programs. Retrieved from http://www.ussif.org/
- Uysal, N., & Yang, A. (2013). The power of activist networks in the mass self-communication era: A triangulation study of the impact of WikiLeaks on the stock value of Bank of America. Public Relations Review, 39, 459–469.
- Weber, K., Rao, H., & Thomas, L. G. (2009). From streets to suites: How the antibiotech movement affected German pharmaceutical firms. American Sociological Review, 74, 106–127.
- Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2006). Mass media research: An introduction (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
- Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Zerfass, A. (2008). Corporate communication revisited: Integrating business strategy and strategic communication. In A. Zerfass, A. van Ruler, & K. Sriramesh ( Eds.) Public Relations Research: European and International Perspectives and Innovations ( pp. 65–96). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag fur Socialwissenschaften.