The Cultural, Psychiatric, and Sexuality Aspects of Hijras in India

REFERENCES

• Allahbadia , G. N. and Shah , N. 1992 . Begging eunuchs of Bombay . Lancet , 339 : 48 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Amin , G. , Shah , S. and Vankar , G. K. 1998 . The prevalence and recognition of depression in primary care . Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 40 : 364 – 369 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amorim , P. , Lecrubier , Y. , Weiller , E. , Hergueta , T. and Sheehan , D. 1998 . DSM-III-R psychotic disorders: Procedural validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Concordance and causes for discordance with the CIDI . European Psychiatry , 13 : 26 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhugra , D. 1992 . Begging eunuchs of Bombay . Lancet , 339 : 432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaskovich , J. and Tomaka , J. 1991 . “ Measures of self-esteem ” . In Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes , Edited by: Robinson , J. P. , Shaver , P. R. and Wrightsman , L. S. Vol. 1 , 115 – 160 . New York , NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brahmam , G. N. , Kodavalla , V. , Rajkumar , H. , Rachakulla , H. K. , Kallam , S. , Myakala , S. P. and … Study Team , I. B.B.A. 2008 . Sexual practices, HIV and sexually transmitted infections among self-identified men who have sex with men in four high HIV prevalence states of India . AIDS , 22 : S45 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brislin , R. W. 1980 . “ Translation and content analysis of oral and written materials ” . In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology , Edited by: Triandis , H. C. and Berry , H. W. Vol. 2 , 389 – 444 . Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• De Cuypere , G. , T’Sjoen , G. , Beerten , R. , Selvaggi , G. , De Sutter , P. , Hoebeke , P. and … Rubens , R. 2005 . Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 34 : 679 – 690 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeMello , M. 2007 . Encyclopedia of body adornment (Illustrated ed.) , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , J. M. 1979 . Untouchable: An Indian life history , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freund , K. , Langevin , R. , Satterberg , J. and Steiner , B. W. 1977 . Extension of the gender identity scale for males . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 6 : 507 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudykunst , W. B. , Gao , G. , Schmidt , K. L. , Nishida , T. , Bond , M. H. , Wang , G. and Barraclough , R. A. 1992 . The influence of individualism-collectivism, self-monitoring, and predicted outcome value on communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships . Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology , 23 : 196 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna , J. L. 1988 . Dance, sex and gender: Signs of identity, dominance, defiance, and desire , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kalra , G. 2012 . Hijras: The unique transgender culture of India . International Journal of Culture and Mental Health , 5 : 121 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Kalra , G. and Bhugra , D. 2010 . Migration and sexuality . International Journal of Culture and Mental Health , 3 : 117 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , S. I. , Hussain , M. I. , Parveen , S. , Bhuiyan , M. I. , Gourab , G. , Sarker , G. F. , Arafat , S. M. and Sikder , J. 2009 . Living on the extreme margin: Social exclusion of the transgender population (hijra) in Bangladesh . Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition , 27 : 441 – 451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishore , J. , Reddaiah , V. P. , Kapoor , V. and Gill , J. S. 1996 . Characteristics of mental morbidity in a rural primary health center of Haryana . Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 38 : 137 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar , N. 2009 . Delhi high court strikes down Section 377 of IPC . The Hindu , July 3, Retrieved from http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/03/stories/2009070358010100.htm
   Google Scholar
• Murad , M. H. , Elamin , M. B. , Garcia , M. Z. , Mullan , R. J. , Murad , A. , Erwin , P. J. and Montori , V. M. 2010 . Hormonal therapy and sex reassignment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes . Clinical Endocrinology , 72 : 214 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambi , S. K. , Prasad , J. , Singh , D. , Abraham , V. , Kuruvilla , A. and Jacob , K. S. 2002 . Explanatory models and common mental disorders among patients with unexplained somatic symptoms attending a primary care facility in Tamil Nadu . National Medical Journal of India , 15 : 331 – 335 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 1985 . The hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role . Journal of Homosexuality , 11 : 35 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 1986 . “ The Hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role ” . In Anthropology and homosexual behavior , Edited by: Blackwood , E. 35 – 54 . Binghamton , NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 1999 . Neither man nor woman: The hijras of India , Belmont , CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Nanda , S. 2007 . “ The hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role ” . In Culture, society and sexuality: A reader (2nd ed. , Edited by: Parker , R. and Aggleton , P. 237 – 249 . New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pothen , M. , Kuruvilla , A. , Philip , K. , Joseph , A. and Jacob , K. S. 2003 . Common mental disorders among primary care attenders in Vellore, South India: Nature, prevalence and risk factors . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 49 : 119 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , R. 2004 . The extent, pattern and trends of drug abuse in India, national survey New Delhi, India: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office For South Asia
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , G. 2006 . With respect to sex: Negotiating hijra identity in South India , New Delhi , , India : Yoda Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. 1989 . Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.) , Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roughgarden , J. 2004 . Evolution's rainbow: Diversity, gender and sexuality in nature and people , London , , UK : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sagric , C. , Radulovic , O. , Bogdanovic , M. and Markovic , R. 2007 . Social marginalization and health . Acta Medica Medinae , 46 : 49 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Sahastrabuddhe , S. , Gupta , A. , Stuart , E. , Godbole , S. , Ghate , M. , Sahay , S. and … Mehendale , S. M. 2012 . Sexually transmitted infections and risk behaviors among transgender persons (hijras) of Pune, India . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 59 : 72 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , A. P. 1967 . Procreation among the eunuchs . Eastern Anthropologist , 20 : 168 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , P. B. , Dugan , S. , Peterson , M. and Leung , K. 1998 . Individualism: Collectivism and the handling of disagreement. A 23 country study . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 22 : 351 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somasundaram , O. 2009 . Transgenderism: Facts and fictions . Indian Journal of Psychiatry , 1 : 73 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) . 2010 . Hijras/transgender women in India: HIV, human rights and social exclusion Retrieved from http://www.undp.org.in/sites/default/files/reports_publication/TG-issue-brief.pdf
   Google Scholar