1,560
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Systematic review of the psychometric properties of transphobia scales

, , , , &

References

  • Agee-Aguayo, J., Bloomquist, E., Savage, T. A., & Woitaszewski, S. A. (2017). School psychologists in support of transgender and gender diverse students in light of California's AB 1266 (School Success and Opportunity Act): Implications and opportunities. Contemporary School Psychology, 21(2), 152–165. doi:10.1007/s40688-016-0101-2 [19](The number in square brackets corresponds to its listing in Table 1.)
  • Apperson, J. M., Blincoe, S., & Sudlow, J. L. (2015). An exploratory study of young adults' attitudes toward parental disclosure of LGBT identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(4), 492–496. doi:10.1037/sgd0000111 [69]
  • Barbir, L. A., Cohn, T. J., & Vandevender (2017). Friendship, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of cisgender heterosexuals toward transgender individuals. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(2), 154–170. doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1273157 [3, 4]
  • Batterham, A. M., & George, K. P. (2003). Reliability in evidence-based clinical practice: A primer for allied health professionals. Physical Therapy in Sport, 4(3), 122–128. doi.org/10.1016/S1466-853X(03)00076-2
  • Bowers, S., Lewandowski, J., Savage, T. A., & Woitaszewski, S. A. (2015). School psychologists' attitudes toward transgender students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(1), 1–18. doi:10.1080/19361653.2014.930370 [20]
  • Cabeldue, M. K., Cramer, R. J., Kehn, A., Crosby, J. W., & Anastasi, J. S. (2016). Measuring attitudes about hate: Development of the hate crime beliefs scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0886260516636391 [7]
  • Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Carrera-Fernández, M. V., Lameiras-Fernández, M., Rodríguez-Castro, Y., & Vallejo-Medina, P. (2014). Spanish adolescents' attitudes toward transpeople: Proposal and validation of a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(6), 654–666. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.773577 [8]
  • Carroll, L., Güss, D., Hutchison, K. S., & Gauler, A. A. (2012). How do U.S. students perceive trans persons? Sex Roles, 67(9), 516–527. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0193-8 [21, 70]
  • Case, K. A., & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention effectiveness in reducing prejudice against transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1–2), 140–158. doi:10.1080/19361653.2012.718549 [22, 23, 24]
  • Charter, R. A. (2003). A breakdown of reliability coefficients by test type and reliability method, and the clinical implications of low reliability. The Journal of General Psychology, 130, 290–304. doi.org/10.1080/00221300309601160
  • Chen, B., & Anderson, V. N. (2017). Chinese college students' gender self-esteem and trans prejudice. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 66–78. doi 10.1080/15532739.2016.1256803 [25]
  • Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53–69. doi:10.1300/J082v51n03_04
  • Costa, P. A., & Davies, M. (2012). Portuguese adolescents' attitudes toward sexual minorities: Transphobia, homophobia, and gender role beliefs. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1424–1442. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.724944 [26]
  • Cragun, R. T., & Sumerau, E. (2015). The last bastion of sexual and gender prejudice? Sexualities, race, gender, religiosity, and spirituality in the examination of prejudice toward sexual and gender minorities. Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 821–834. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.925534 [71]
  • Cumming, G., & Finch, S. (2005). Inference by eye: Confidence intervals and how to read pictures of data. American Psychologist, 60(2), 170–180. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.2.170
  • De Jong, D. (2015). Transgender issues and BSW programs: Exploring faculty perceptions, practices, and attitudes. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 20(1), 199–218. doi:10.18084/1084-7219.20.1.199 [9]
  • Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412. doi:10.1111/bjop.12046.
  • Elischberger, H. B., Glazier, J. J., Hill, E. D., Verduzco-Baker, L. (2016). “Boys don't cry”—or do they? Adult attitudes toward and beliefs about transgender youth. Sex Roles, 75(5), 197–214. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0609-y [27, 28]
  • Ellis, S. J., Bailey, L., & McNeil, J. (2016). Transphobic victimisation and perceptions of future risk: A large-scale study of the experiences of trans people in the UK. Psychology & Sexuality, 7(3), 211–224. doi:10.1080/19419899.2016.1181669
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
  • Fan, X., & Thompson, B. (2001). Confidence intervals for effect sizes confidence intervals about score reliability coefficients, please: An EPM guidelines editorial. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(4), 517–531. doi:10.1177/0013164401614001
  • Fisher, A. D., Castellini, G., Fanni, E., Casale, H., Tagliagambe, M., Benni, L., & Maggi, M. (2016). Transphobia and homophobia levels in gender dysphoric individuals, general population and health care providers. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(5–S2), S124. Retrieved from http://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(16)00472–0/pdf [29]
  • Fisher, T. D., Davis, C. M., Yarber, W. L., & Davis, S. L. (2011). Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Flores, A. R. (2015). Attitudes toward transgender rights: Perceived knowledge and secondary interpersonal contact. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 3(3), 398–416. doi:10.1080/21565503.2015.1050414 [72]
  • Gazzola, S. B., & Morrison, M. A. (2014). Cultural and personally endorsed stereotypes of transgender men and transgender women: Notable correspondence or disjunction? International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(2), 76–99. doi:10.1080/15532739.2014.937041 [30]
  • Gerhardstein, K. R., & Anderson, V. N. (2010). There's more than meets the eye: Facial appearance and evaluations of transsexual people. Sex Roles, 62(5), 361–373. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9746-x [31]
  • Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2012). Injustice at every turn: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Retrieved from http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/resources/NTDS_Report.pdf
  • Grigoropoulos, I., & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social factors affecting antitransgender sentiment in a sample of Greek undergraduate students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276–285. doi:10.1080/19317611.2014.974792 [73]
  • Haynes, S. N., Richard, D., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238
  • Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. doi:10.1037/a0029597
  • Herek, G. M., & McLemore, K. A. (2010). Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale. In T. D. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (3rd ed., pp. 415–417). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hill, D. B., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531–544. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7140-x [10]
  • Hill, D. B., Menvielle, E., Sica, K. M., & Johnson, A. (2010). An affirmative intervention for families with gender variant children: Parental ratings of child mental health and gender. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 36(1), 6–23. doi:10.1080/00926230903375560 [32]
  • Hogan, T. P., Benjamin, A., & Brezinski, K. L. (2000). Reliability methods: A note on the frequency of use of various types. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 523–531. doi:10.1177/00131640021970691
  • Jami, H., & Kamal, A. (2015). Measuring attitudes toward hijras in Pakistan: Gender and religiosity in perspective. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(1), 151–187. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282322976_Measuring_Attitudes_toward_Hijras_in_Pakistan_Gender_and_Religiosity_in_Perspective [5]
  • Kanamori, Y., & Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2016). Big changes, but are they big enough? Healthcare professionals' attitudes toward transgender persons. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(3–4), 165–175. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1232628 [33]
  • Kanamori, Y., Cornelius-White, J. H. D., Pegors, T. K., Daniel, T., & Hulgus, J. (2016a). Development and validation of the transgender attitudes and beliefs scale. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0840-1 [11, 34, 74]
  • Kanamori, Y., Pegors, T. K., Hulgus, J. F., & Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2017). A comparison between self-identified evangelical Christians' and nonreligious persons' attitudes toward transgender persons. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 75–86. doi:10.1037/sgd0000166 [35]
  • Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 65, 2276–2284. doi:10.2146/ajhp070364
  • King, M. E. (2008). Transprejudice in Hong Kong: Chinese attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from The University of Hong Kong, U Scholars Hub at: doi:10.5353/th_b3984880
  • King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health, 21(1), 17–34. doi:10.1080/19317610802434609 [12]
  • Landén, M., & Innala, S. (2000). Attitudes toward transsexualism in a Swedish national survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29(4), 375–388. doi:10.1023/A:1001970521182 [75]
  • McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(1), 28–50. doi:10.1177/1088868310366253
  • Menon, P., & Sreenidhi, M. (2015). In a transphobic society. International Journal of Scientific Research, 4(7), 528–529. Retrieved from http://worldwidejournals.in/ojs/index.php/ijsr/article/view/7261/7309 [76]
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. doi:10.2307/2137286
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Morrison, E. G. (2010). Transgender as ingroup or outgroup? Lesbian, gay, and bisexual viewers respond to a transgender character in daytime television. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(5), 650–665. doi:10.1080/00918361003712103 [36]
  • Morrison, T. G., Bishop, C., Morrison, M. A., & Parker-Taneo, K. (2016). A psychometric review of measures assessing discrimination against sexual minorities. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(8), 1086–1126. doi:10.1080/00918369.2015.1117903
  • Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles, 59(7), 521–531. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7 [13]
  • Ngamake, S. T., Walch, S. E., & Raveepatarakul, J. (2013). Validation of the attitudes toward transgendered individuals scale in Thailand. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14(4), 158–170. doi:10.1080/15532739.2013.834810 [14]
  • Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of U.S. adults. Sex Roles, 68(11), 738–753. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0110-6 [77]
  • O'Connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396–402.
  • Osborne, J. W., & Costello, A. B. (2009). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Pan-Pacific Management Review, 12(2), 131–146.
  • Peters, G.-J. Y. (2014). The alpha and omega of scale reliability and validity. The European Health Psychologist, 16(2), 56–69.
  • Pett, M. A., Lackey, N. R., & Sullivan, J. J. (2003). Making sense of factor analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29(5), 489–497. doi:10.1002/nur.20147
  • Riggs, D. W., & Bartholomaeus, C. (2015). The role of school counsellors and psychologists in supporting transgender people. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 32(2), 158–170. doi:10.1017/edp.2015.19 [37, 38]
  • Riggs, D. W., & Bartholomaeus, C. (2016). Australian mental health professionals' competencies for working with trans clients: A comparative study. Psychology and Sexuality, 7(3), 225–238. doi:10.1080/19419899.2016.1189452 [39, 40]
  • Riggs, D. W., Fraser, H., Taylor, N., Signal, T., & Donovan, C. (2016). Domestic violence service providers' capacity for supporting transgender women: Findings from an Australian workshop. British Journal of Social Work, 46(8), 2374–2392. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcw110 [41, 42]
  • Riggs, D. W., & Sion, R. (2017). Gender differences in cisgender psychologists' and trainees' attitudes toward transgender people. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 18(2), 187–190. doi:10.1037/men0000047 [43, 44]
  • Riggs, D. W., Webber, K., & Fell, G. R. (2012). Australian undergraduate psychology students' attitudes towards trans people. Gay & Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 8(1), 52–62. Retrieved from http://www.genderidentityaustralia.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Attitudes-Towards-Trans-People-GLIPR.pdf [45]
  • Sakaluk, J. K., & Short, S. D. (2017). A methodological review of exploratory factor analysis in sexuality research: Used practices, best practices, and data analysis resources. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(1), 1–9. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538
  • Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 350–353. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350
  • Silveira, J. M., & Goff, S. C. (2016). Music teachers' attitudes toward transgender students and supportive school practices. Journal of Research in Music Education, 64(2), 138–158. doi:10.1177/0022429416647048 [46]
  • Springer, D. W., Abell, N., & Hudson, W. W. (2002). Creating and validating rapid assessment instruments for practice and research: Part 1. Research on Social Work Practice, 12(3), 408–439. doi:10.1177/1049731502012003005
  • Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18
  • Swank, E., Woodford, M. R., & Lim, C. (2013). Antecedents of pro-LGBT advocacy among sexual minority and heterosexual college students. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 10(4), 317–332. doi:10.1007/s13178-013-0136-3 [78]
  • Tebbe, E. A., & Moradi, B. (2012). Anti-transgender prejudice: A structural equation model of associated constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(2), 251–261. doi:10.1037/a0026990 [15]
  • Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated form of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 61(4), 581–592. doi:10.1037/cou0000043 [1, 2, 47]
  • Tee, N., & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 70–80. doi:10.1002/casp.851 [48, 49]
  • Thomas, D. M., Amburgey, J., & Ellis, L. (2016). Anti-transgender prejudice mediates the association of just world beliefs and victim blame attribution. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(3–4), 176–184. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1232627 [50]
  • Tompkins, T. L., Shields, C. N., Hillman, K. M., & White, K. (2015). Reducing stigma toward the transgender community: An evaluation of a humanizing and perspective-taking intervention. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 34–42. doi:10.1037/sgd0000088 [51, 52]
  • Vogt, D. S., King, D. W., & King, L. A. (2004). Focus groups in psychological assessment: Enhancing content validity by consulting members of the target population. Psychological Assessment, 16(3), 231–243. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.231
  • Walch, S. E., Ngamake, S. T., Francisco, J., Stitt, R. L., & Shingler, K. A. (2012a). The attitudes toward transgendered individuals scale: Psychometric properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1283–1291. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9995-6 [6, 79]
  • Walch, S. E., Sinkkanen, K. A., Swain, E. M., Francisco, J., Breaux, C. A., & Sjoberg, M. D. (2012b). Using intergroup contact theory to reduce stigma against transgender individuals: Impact of a transgender speaker panel presentation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2583–2605. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00955.x [80]
  • Walters, A. S., & Rehma, K. (2013). Avenue T: Using film as entrée in teaching about transgender. Sex Education, 13(3), 336–348. doi:10.1080/14681811.2012.743460 [53]
  • Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of homophobia, transphobia, and internalized homophobia in gay or lesbian and heterosexual samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297–1314. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.806177 [54]
  • Watgen, J., & Mitchell, R. W. (2013). College men's concerns about sharing dormitory space with a male-to-female transsexual. Sexuality & Culture, 17(1), 132–166. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9143-4 [81]
  • Weiner, B. A., & Zinner, L. (2015). Attitudes toward straight, gay male, and transsexual parenting. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(3), 327–339. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.972800 [16]
  • Wernick, L. J., Kulick, A., & Inglehart, M. H. (2014). Influences of peers, teachers, and climate on students' willingness to intervene when witnessing anti-transgender harassment. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 927–935. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.06.008 [55]
  • White, C. R., & Jenkins, D. D. (2017). College students' acceptance of trans women and trans men in gendered spaces: The role of physical appearance. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 29(1), 41–67. doi:10.1080/10538720.2016.1261749 [56, 57]
  • Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 254–271. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.550821 [17, 58, 59, 82]
  • Winter, S., Chalungsooth, P., Teh, Y. K., Rojanalert, N., Maneerat, K., Wong, Y. W., & Macapagal, R. A. (2009). Transpeople, transprejudice and pathologization: A seven-country factor analytic study. International Journal of Sexual Health, 21, 96–118. doi:10.1080/19317610902922537 [60]
  • Winter, S., Webster, B., & Cheung, P. K. E. (2008). Measuring Hong Kong undergraduate students' attitudes towards transpeople. Sex Roles, 59(9), 670–683. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9462-y [18]
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2012a). Heterosexual college student sexual experiences, feminist identity, and attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 9(2), 77–113. doi:10.1080/19361653.2012.649613 [61]
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2012b). Understanding college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Sociological Focus, 45(4), 285–305. doi:10.1080/00380237.2012.712857 [62]
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2014a). The interactive impacts of high school gay-straight alliances (GSAs) on college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals: An investigation of high school characteristics. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(2), 217–250. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.839906 [63]
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2014b). Blaming the jocks and the Greeks? Exploring collegiate athletes' and fraternity/sorority members' attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Journal of College Student Development, 55(2), 168–195. doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0020 [64]
  • Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism, 17(1), 31–57. doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1149538 [65, 66, 67]
  • Worthen, M. G. F., Lingiardi, V., & Caristo, C. (2016). The roles of politics, feminism, and religion in attitudes toward LGBT individuals: A cross-cultural study of college students in the USA, Italy, and Spain. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s13178-016-0244-y [68]
  • Yaghmaie, F. (2009). Content validity and its estimation. Journal of Medical Education, 3, 25–27. Retrieved from http://www.journals.sbmu.ac.ir/jme/article/download/870/769
  • Yost, M. R., & Gilmore, S. (2011). Assessing LGBTQ campus climate and creating change. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(9), 1330–1354. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.605744 [83]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.