Bullies, blades, and barricades: Practical considerations for working with adolescents expressing concerns regarding gender and identity

References

• Adelson, S. L. (2012). American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) Committee on Quality Issues (CQI). Practice parameter on gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation, gender conconformity, and gender discordance in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 51 (9), 957–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA : American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, G. R. , Pyne, J. , Francino, M. C. , & Hammond, R. (2013). Suicidality among trans people in Ontario: Implications for social work and social justice. Service Social , 59 (1), 35–62.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, F. (2015). Children with gender dysphoria and the jurisdiction of the Family Court. University of New South Wales Law Journal , 38 (2), 426–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett, M. , Newcomb, M. E. , & Mustanski, B. (2015). Does it get better? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress and victimization in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health , 56 , 280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolich, G. G. (2008). Transgender realities . Raleigh, NC : Psyche's Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byne, W. , Bradley, S. J. , Coleman, E. , Eyler, A. E. , Green, R. , Menvielle, E. J. , et al. (2012). Report of the American psychiatric association task force on treatment of gender identity disorder. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 41 , 759–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, T. C. , Lucassen, M. F. , Bullen, P. , Denny, S. J. , Fleming, T. M. , Robinson, E. M. , et al. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand adolescent health survey (Youth'12). Journal of Adolescent Health , 55 , 93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, E. , Bockting, W. , Botzer, M. , Cohen-Kettenis, P. , DeCuypere, G. , Feldman, J. , et al. (2012). Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people (7th version). World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), Retrieved from. www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf_
   Google Scholar
• Daley, A. , Solomon, S. , Newman, P. A. , & Mishna, F. (2008). Traversing the margins: Intersectionalities in the bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 19 (3-4), 9–29.
   Google Scholar
• Denny, D. (1997). Transgender: Some historical, cross-cultural, and contemporary models and methods of coping and treatment. In B. Bullough, V. Bullough & J. Elias (Eds.), Gender blending (pp. 33–47). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, A. L. , & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2012). Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: The Dutch approach. Journal of Homosexuality , 59 , 301–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries, A. L. , McGuire, J. K. , Steensma, T. D. , Wagenaar, E. C. , Doreleijers, T. A. , & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2014). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics , 134 , 696–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durwood, L. , McLaughlin, K. A. , & Olson, K. R. (2016). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 56 (2), 116–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards-Leeper, L. , & Spack, N. P. (2012). Psychological evaluation and medical treatment of transgender youth in an interdisciplinary “Gender Management Service” (GeMS) in a major pediatric center. Journal of Homosexuality , 59 (3), 321–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, E. S. , & Kennedy, K. S. (2012). Responsive school practices to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning students and families . New York : Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gottlieb, A. , & Lev, A. (Eds.) (In Press). Families in transition: Parent perspectives on raising gender diverse children , New York, NY : Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H. , & D'Augelli, A. R. (2007). Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors, Suicide and Life-Threat Behavior , 37 (5), 527–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hembree, W. C. , Cohen-Kettenis, P. , Delemarre-van, de. , Waal, H. A. , Gooren, L. J.., Meyer, W. J. 3rd , Spack, N.P. , et al. (2009). Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism . 94 (9), 3132–3154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks, M. L. , & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 43 (5), 460–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2016). A nuanced view of stigma for understanding and addressing sexual and gender minority health disparities. LGBT Health , 3 (6), 397–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, J. K., Paul, C., Kasiannan, P., Grover, S. R., Newman, L. K., & Warne, G. L. (2012). Hormone treatment of gender identity disorder in a cohort of children and adolescents. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196, 578–581. doi:https://doi.org/10.5694/mja12.10222
   Google Scholar
• Laqueur, T. (1990). Making sex: Body and gender from the Greeks to Freud . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz, S. & Telingator, C. (2012). Assessing gender identity concerns in children and adolescents: Evaluation, treatments, and outcomes. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(2), 111–120.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, T. , Smith, E. , Ward, R. , Dixon, J. , Hillier, L. , & Mitchell, A. (2016). School experiences of transgender and gender diverse students in Australia. Sex Education , 16 (2), 156–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, F. (2016). The court process is slow but biology is fast: Assessing the impact of the family court approval process on transgender children and their families. La Trobe Law and Justice Research Paper Series . Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2793664.
   Google Scholar
• Kosciw, J. G. , Greytak, E. A. , Giga, N. M. , Villenas, C. , & Danischewski, D. J. (2016). The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation's schools . New York, NY : GLSEN.
   Google Scholar
• Kuyper, L. , & Wijsen, C. (2014). Gender identities and gender dysphoria in the netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior , 43 (2), 377–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibowitz, S. , & de Vries, A. L. (2016). Gender dysphoria in adolescence. International Review of Psychiatry , 28 (1), 21–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattilda (2006). Nobody passes: Rejecting the rules of gender and conformity . Berkeley, CA : Seal Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milrod, C. (2014). How young is too young: Ethical concerns in genital surgery of the transgender MTF adolescent. Journal of Sexual Medicine , 11 , 338–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal, K. L. (2008). Preventing racial, ethnic, gender, sexual minority, disability, and religious microaggressions: Recommendations for promoting positive mental health. Prevention in Counseling Psychology: Theory, Research, Practice and Training , 2 (1), 22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, K. R. , Durwood, L. , DeMeules, M. , & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics , 137 (3), e20153223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, E. A. (2015). Adolescent gender diversity assessment: An in-depth collaborative conversation. Journal of Child & Adolescent Behaviour, 3, 241. doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000241.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, E. A. (in press). “I was hoping it would be a phase”: The challenges parents face raising a gender non-conforming child. In A Gottlieb & A Lev (Eds.) Families in transition: Parent perspectives on raising gender diverse children . New York, NY : Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, E. , Clemson, L. , Sitharthan, G. , & Diamond, M. (2013). Surviving a gender variant childhood: The views of transgender adults on the needs of gender variant children and their parents. Sex & Marital Therapy Journal , 39 (3), 241–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.628439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, E. , Sitharthan, G. , Clemson, L. , & Diamond, M. (2011). The needs of gender variant children and their parents according to health professionals. International Journal of Transgenderism , 13 (2), 54–63.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. L. , Rosario, M. , Slopen, N. , Calzo, J. P. , & Austin, S. B. (2013). Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 52 (2), 143–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rood, B. A. , Reisner, S. L. , Surace, F. I. , Puckett, J. A. , Maroney, M. R. , & Pantalone, D. W. (2016). Expecting rejection: Understanding the minority stress experiences of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. LGBT Health , 1 (1), 151–164.
   Google Scholar
• Roughgarden, J. (2004). Evolutions rainbow: Diversity, gender, and sexuality in nature and people . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T. , Ryan, C. , Toomey, R. B. , Diaz, R. M. , & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. Journal of School Health , 81 (5), 223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C. , Russell, S. T. , Huebner, D. , Díaz, R. , & Sánchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing , 23 , 205–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shelley, C. A. (2008). Transpeople: Repudiation, trauma, healing . Toronto, Canada : University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, J. P. , Cohen, R. , Glassman, J. R. , Whitaker, K. , Franks, H. , & Bertolini, I. (2013). Estimating population size and demographic characteristics of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth in middle school. Journal of Adolescent Health , 52 (2), 248–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstone, R. (1982). A structure for a modern myth: Television and the transsexual. Semiotica , 49 (1/2), 95–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. , Jones, T. , Ward, R. , Dixon, J. , Mitchell, A. , & Hillier, L. (2014). From blues to rainbows: Mental health and wellbeing of gender diverse and transgender young people in Australia . Melbourne, Australia : The Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Y. L. S. , van Goozen, S. H. , & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2001). Adolescents with gender identity disorder who were accepted or rejected for sex reassignment surgery: A prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 40 , 472–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, P. , Cook, A. , Winter, S. , Watson, V. , Wright. Toussaint, D. , & Lin, A. (2017). Trans Pathways: The mental health experiences and care pathways of trans young people. Summary of results . Perth, Australia : Telethon Kids Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2015). Ending conversion therapy: Supporting and affirming LGBTQ youth . HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15–4928. Rockville, MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Telfer, M. , Tollit, M. , & Feldman, D. (2015). Transformation of health-care and legal systems for the transgender population: The need for change in Australia. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health , 51 , 1051–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tishelman, A. , Kaufman, R. , Edwards-Leeper, L. , Mandel, F. , Shumer, D. , & Spack, N. (2015). Serving transgender youth: Challenges, dilemmas, and clinical examples. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 46 , 37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trans Media Watch (2010). How transgender people experience the media. Retrieved from http://www.transmediawatch.org/Documents/How%20Transgender%20People%20Experience%20the%20Media.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Travers, R. , Baur, G. , Pyne, J. , Bradley, K. , Gale, L. , & Papadimitriou, M. (2012). Impacts of strong parental support for trans youth: A report prepared for children's aid society of toronto and delisle youth services. Trans PULSE . Retrieved from www.transpulseproject.ca.
   Google Scholar
• Veale, J. , Saewyc, E. , Frohard-Dourlent, H. , Dobson, S. , Clark, B. , & the Canadian Trans Youth Health Survey Research Group (2015). Being safe, being me: Results of the Canadian trans youth health survey . Vancouver, Canada : Stigma and Resilience Among Vulnerable Youth Centre, School of Nursing, University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Vance, S. R., Jr. , Ehrensaft, D. , & Rosenthal, S. M. (2014). Psychological and medical care of gender nonconforming youth. Pediatrics , 134 (6), 1184–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, R. , & Russell, H. (2013). Attachment and shame in gender-nonconforming children and their families: Toward a theoretical framework for evaluating clinical interventions. International Journal of Transgenderism , 14 (3), 113–126.
   Google Scholar
• Wallien, M. S. C. , & Cohen-Kettenis, P. (2008). Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 (12), 1413–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, S. (2006). Thai transgenders in focus: Demographics, transitions and identities. International Journal of Transgenderism , 9 , 15–27.
   Google Scholar