3,592
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Conceptual

An Integrative, Empowerment Model for Helping Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth Negotiate the Coming-Out Process

&
Pages 96-117 | Published online: 29 May 2012

REFERENCES

  • American Psychological Association . 2009 . Report of the APA task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sexual-orientation.aspx
  • American School Counselor Association . 2005 . About ASCA Retrieved from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/content.asp?contentid=127
  • Aronson , E. , Wilson , T. D. and Akert , R. M. 1994 . Social psychology: The heart and the mind , New York , NY : HarperCollins .
  • Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues in Counseling . 2008 . Competencies for counseling gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) clients Retrieved from http://www.algbtic.org/resources/competencies
  • Battle , J. , Cohen , C. , Warren , D. , Fergerson , G. and Audam , S. 2002 . Say it loud: I’m Black and I’m proud: Black Pride Survey 2000 , New York , NY : Policy Institute of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force .
  • Ben-Ari , A. 1995 . The discovery that an offspring is gay: Parents’, gay men's, and lesbians’ perspectives . Journal of Homosexuality , 30 : 89 – 112 .
  • Bernal , A. T. and Coolhart , D. 2005 . Learning from sexual minorities: Adolescents and the coming out process . Guidance & Counseling , 20 : 128 – 138 .
  • Brooks , S. , Permut , D. , Sladek , D. , Taaffe , C. Producers and Mulcahy , R. Director . 2009 . Prayers for Bobby , United States : Daniel Sladek Entertainment, Once Upon a Time Films & Permut Presentations . [Motion picture]
  • Carrion , V. and Lock , J. 1997 . The coming out process: Developmental stages for sexual minority youth . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 2 : 369 – 377 .
  • Cass , V. 1979 . Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 219 – 235 .
  • Cass , V. 1984 . Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model . Journal of Sex Research , 20 : 143 – 167 .
  • Chutter , K. 2007 . Opening our awareness to heterosexist and homophobic attitudes in society . Relational Child and Youth Care Practice , 20 : 22 – 27 .
  • Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs . 2001 . The 2001 standards Retrieved from http://www.cacrep.org/2001520standards.pdf
  • Crisp , D. , Priest , R. and Torgerson , A. 1998 . African American gay men: Developmental issues, choices, and self-concept . Family Therapy , 25 : 161 – 168 .
  • Dahlheimer , D. and Feigal , J. 1991 . Gays and lesbians in therapy: Bridging the gap . Family Therapy Networker , 15 : 44 – 53 .
  • D’Augelli , A. 2002 . Mental health problems among lesbian, gay and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21 . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 : 433 – 456 .
  • D’Augelli , A. , Grossman , A. and Starks , M. 2005 . Parents’ awareness of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths’ sexual orientation . Journal of Marriage and Family , 67 : 474 – 482 .
  • Eliason , M. J. 1996 . Beyond a minoritizing view . Journal of Homosexuality , 30 ( 3 ) : 31 – 56 .
  • Elze , D. E. 2002 . Risk factors for internalizing and externalizing problems among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents . Social Work Research , 26 : 89 – 99 .
  • Erikson , E. 1959 . Identity and the life cycle , New York , NY : International Universities Press .
  • Espelage , D. L. , Aragon , S. R. , Birkett , M. and Koenig , B. W. 2008 . Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? . School Psychology Review , 37 : 202 – 216 .
  • Espelage , D. and Swearer , S. 2008 . Addressing research gaps in the intersection between homophobia and bullying . Social Psychology Review , 37 : 155 – 159 .
  • Floyd , F. J. and Bakeman , R. 2006 . Coming out across the life course: Implications of age and historical context . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 : 287 – 296 .
  • Fontaine , J. and Hammond , N. 1996 . Counseling issues with gay and lesbian adolescents . Adolescence , 31 : 817 – 830 .
  • Frost , D. M. and Bastone , L. M. 2008 . The role of stigma concealment in the retrospective high school experiences of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals . Journal of LGBT Youth , 5 : 27 – 36 .
  • Gates , G. J. , Ost , J. and Birch , E. 2004 . Gay & lesbian atlas , Baltimore , MD : Urban Institute Press .
  • Gilligan , C. , Ward , J. V. and Taylor , J. M. 1988 . Mapping the moral domain , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Glen , A. and Russell , R. 1986 . Heterosexual bias among counselor trainees . Counselor Education and Supervision , 25 : 222 – 229 .
  • Green , R. 2003 . When therapists do not want their clients to be homosexual: A response to Rosik's article . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 29 : 29 – 38 .
  • Greene , B. 1994 . “ Lesbian women of color: Triple jeopardy ” . In Women of color: Integrating ethnic and gender identities in psychotherapy , Edited by: Comas-Diaz , L. and Greene , B. 109 – 147 . New York , NY : Guilford Press .
  • Grossman , A. and D’Augelli , A. 2006 . Transgender youth: Invisible and vulnerable . Journal of Homosexuality , 51 : 111 – 128 .
  • Grov , C. , Bimbi , D. S. , Nanin , J. E. and Parsons , J. T. 2006 . Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals . Journal of Sex Research , 43 : 115 – 121 .
  • Heatherington , L. and Lavner , J. A. 2008 . Coming to terms with coming out: Review and recommendations for family systems-focused research . Journal of Family Psychology , 22 : 329 – 343 .
  • Herek , G. , Cogan , J. , Gillis , J. and Glunt , E. 1997 . Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men . Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association , 2 : 17 – 25 .
  • Hollander , G. 2000 . Questioning youths: Challenges to working with youths forming identities . School Psychology Review , 29 : 173 – 179 .
  • King , S. 2008 . Exploring the role of counselor support: Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning adolescents struggling with acceptance and disclosure . Journal of GLB Family Studies , 4 : 361 – 384 .
  • Kohan , D. and Mutchnick , M. Executive Producers . 1998 . Will and Grace , Los Angeles , CA : National Broadcasting Company . [Television series]
  • Kosciw , J. G. , Diaz , E. M. and Greytak , E. A. 2006 . 2006 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation's schools , New York , NY : Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) .
  • Kosciw , J. G. , Diaz , E. M. and Greytak , E. A. 2008 . 2007 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation's schools , New York , NY : Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Education Network (GLSEN) .
  • Liszcz , A. M. and Yarhouse , M. A. 2005 . A survey on views of how to assist with coming out as gay, changing same-sex behavior or orientation, and navigating sexual identity confusion . Ethics & Behavior , 15 : 159 – 179 .
  • Maguen , S. , Floyd , F. , Bakeman , R. and Armistead , L. 2002 . Developmental milestones and disclosure of sexual orientation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 23 : 219 – 233 .
  • Mayberry , M. 2006 . The story of a Salt Lake City Gay-Straight Alliance: Identity work and LGBT youth . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education , 4 : 13 – 31 .
  • Morrison , L. L. and L’Heureux , J. 2001 . Suicide and gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: Implications for clinicians . Journal of Adolescence , 24 : 39 – 49 .
  • Morrow , D. 2000 . Coming out to families: Guidelines for intervention with gay and lesbian clients . Journal of Family Social Work , 5 : 53 – 66 .
  • Mosher , C. M. 2001 . The social implications of sexual identity formation and the coming out process: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature . The Family Journal , 9 : 164 – 173 .
  • Murphy , R. , Falchuk , B. and Brennan , I. Executive Producers . 2009 . Glee , Los Angeles , CA : 20th Century Fox Television . [Television series]
  • Ossana , D. , Schamus , J. , Randall , J. , McMurtry , L. Producers and Lee , A. Director . 2005 . Brokeback Mountain , United States : Alberta Film Entertainment, Focus Features, Good Machine, Paramount Pictures, River Road Entertainment . [Motion picture]
  • Pilkington , N. and Cantor , J. 1996 . Perceptions of heterosexual bias in professional psychology programs: A survey of graduate students . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 27 : 604 – 612 .
  • Poole , R. 2005 . Breathe , Princeton , NJ : Burrow Publishing .
  • Poteat , V. P. 2008 . Contextual and moderating effects of the peer group climate on use of homophobic epithets . School Psychology Review , 37 : 188 – 201 .
  • Poteat , V. P. and Espelage , D. L. 2005 . Exploring the relation between bullying and homophobic verbal content: The Homophobic Content Agent Target (HCAT Scale) . Violence and Victims , 20 : 513 – 528 .
  • Poteat , P. , Espelage , D. L. and Green , H. 2007 . The socialization of dominance: Peer group contextual effects on heterosexist and dominance attitudes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 92 : 1040 – 1050 .
  • Ream , G. L. and Savin-Williams , R. C. 2005 . Reconciling Christianity and positive non- heterosexual identity in adolescence, with implications for psychological well-being . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education , 2 : 19 – 36 .
  • Rivers , I. and Noret , N. 2008 . Well-being among same-sex and opposite-sex attracted youth at school . School Psychology Review , 37 : 174 – 187 .
  • Rosario , M. , Hunter , J. , Maguen , S. , Gwadz , M. and Smith , R. 2001 . The coming out process and its adaptational and health-related associations among gay, lesbian, and bi-sexual youths: Stipulation and exploration of a model . American Journal of Community Psychology , 29 : 133 – 160 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. and Hunter , J. 2004 . Ethnic/racial differences in the coming out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity development over time . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 10 : 215 – 228 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. , Hunter , J. and Braun , L. 2006 . Sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Consistency and change over time . Journal of Sex Research , 43 : 46 – 58 .
  • Salazar , C. F. 2006 . Conceptualizing multiple identities and multiple oppressions in clients’ lives . Counseling and Human Development , 39 : 1 – 18 .
  • Saltzburg , S. 2007 . Narrative therapy pathways for re-authoring with parents of adolescents coming out as lesbian, gay, and bisexual . Contemporary Family Therapy , 29 : 57 – 69 .
  • Sanders , G. L. and Kroll , I. T. 2000 . Generating stories of resilience: Helping gay and lesbian youth and their families . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 26 : 433 – 442 .
  • Sandford , T. , Melendez , R. and Diaz , R. 2007 . Gender nonconformity, homophobia, and mental distress in Latino gay and bisexual men . Journal of Sex Research , 44 : 181 – 189 .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. 1990 . Gay and lesbian adolescents . Marriage & Family Review , 14 : 197 – 216 .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. 2001 . A critique of research on sexual-minority youths . Journal of Adolescence , 24 : 5 – 13 .
  • Sherry , A. , Whilde , M. R. and Patton , J. 2005 . Gay, lesbian, and bisexual training competencies in American Psychological Association accredited graduate programs . Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training , 42 : 116 – 120 .
  • Singh , A. A. Speaker . 2008 . Counseling queer (LGBT) youth , American Counseling Association Podcast . Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/counselors/TP/podcastsmembers/CT2.aspx [Audio podcast]
  • Smith , F. 2005 . Down for whatever , New York , NY : Kensington Books .
  • Stokes , J. and Peterson , J. 1998 . Homophobia, self-esteem, and risk for HIV among African American men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 10 : 278 – 292 .
  • Stone , C. B. 2003 . Counselors as advocates for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: A call for equity and action . Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development , 31 : 143 – 155 .
  • Swearer , S. M. , Turner , R. K. , Givens , J. E. and Pollack , W. S. 2008 . “You’re so gay!”: Do different forms of bullying matter for adolescent males? . School Psychology Review , 37 : 160 – 173 .
  • Troiden , R. 1988 . Homosexual identity development . Journal of Adolescent Health Care , 9 : 105 – 113 .
  • Twist , M. , Murphy , M. , Green , M. and Palmanteer , D. 2006 . Therapists’ support of gay and lesbian human rights . Guidance & Counseling , 21 : 107 – 113 .
  • Weiner , J. 2006 . Exploring the effects of counselor trainees’ heterosexist bias on clinical assessments of lesbian clients . Dissertation Abstracts International , 67 ( 2-B ) : 1174 (UMI No. 3203787)
  • Wright , E. R. and Perry , B. L. 2006 . Sexual identity distress, social support, and the health of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth . Journal of Homosexuality , 15 : 81 – 110 .
  • Wright , L. W. , Adams , H. E. and Bernat , J. 1999 . Development and validation of the homophobia scale . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 21 : 337 – 347 .
  • Zinmesiter , K. 2006 . Real numbers: Sex in America . The American Enterprise , 17 : 24 – 25 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.