REFERENCES
- Alexander , Deborah and Kristi , Andersen . 1993 . Gender as a Factor in the Attribution of Leadership Traits . Political Research Quarterly , 46 ( 3 ) : 527 – 545 .
- Arceneaux , Kevin . 2001 . The ‘Gender Gap’ in State Legislative Representation: New Data to Tackle an Old Question . Political Research Quarterly , 54 : 143 – 160 .
- Burrell , Barbara . 1994 . A Woman's Place in the House: Campaigning for Congress in the Feminist Era , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
- Cook , Elizabeth Adell. 1994 . “ Voter Responses to Women Candidates ” . In The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities , Edited by: Adell Cook , Elizabeth , Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . 217 – 236 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
- Davis, James Allan, and Tom W. Smith. 2004. General Social Surveys, 1972–2008 [machine-readable data file]. Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; Director and Coprincipal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Coprincipal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Sponsored by National Science Foundation. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center [producer]; Storrs, CT: The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut [distributor].
- Dolan , Kathleen . 1998 . Voting for Women in the ‘Year of the Woman.’ . American Journal of Political Science , 42 ( 1 ) : 272 – 293 .
- Duerst-Lahti , Georgia . 2005 . “ Institutional Gendering: Theoretical Insights into the Environment ” . In Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future , 2nd , Edited by: Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . 230 – 243 . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Duerst-Lahti , Georgia . 2006 . “ Presidential Elections: Gendered Space and the Case of 2004 ” . In Gender and Elections: Shaping the Future of American Politics , Edited by: Carroll , Susan and Fox , Richard . 13 – 43 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Falk , Erika and Kate , Kenski . 2006 . Issue Saliency and Gender Stereotypes: Support for Women as President in Times of War and Terrorism . Social Science Quarterly , 87 ( 1 ) : 1 – 18 .
- Fox , Richard L. and Oxley , Zoe M. 2003 . Gender Stereotyping State Executive Elections: Candidate Selection and Success . Journal of Politics , 65 ( 3 ) : 833 – 850 .
- Fox , Richard L. and Oxley , Zoe M. 2004 . Women in Executive Office: Variation across American States . Political Research Quarterly , 57 ( 1 ) : 113 – 120 .
- Glasser , Susan . 2005 . US Figures Show Sharp Global Rise in Terrorism: State Dept. Will Not Put Data in Report . Washington Post , April 27 : A1
- Gordon , Ann . 2001 . Does the Oval Office Have a Glass Ceiling? Gender Stereotypes and Perceptions of Candidate Viability . White House Studies , 1 ( 3 ) : 325 – 333 .
- Hansen , Susan B. and Laura , Wills Otero . 2007 . A Woman for President? Gender and Leadership Traits Before and After 9/11 . Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy , 28 ( 1 ) : 35 – 60 .
- Hanushek , Eric A. and Jackson , John E. 1977 . Statistical Methods for Social Scientists , New York : Academic Press .
- Hayes , Danny . 2005 . Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens: A Theory of Trait Ownership . American Journal of Political Science , 49 ( 4 ) : 908 – 923 .
- Hedlund , Ronald D. , Patricia , K. , Freeman , Keith E. Hamm and Robert , M. Stein . 1979 . The Electability of Women Candidates: The Effects of Sex Role Stereotypes . Journal of Politics , 41 ( 2 ) : 513 – 524 .
- Huddy , Leonie and Nayda , Terkildsen . 1993a . The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at Different Levels and Types of Office . Political Research Quarterly , 46 ( 3 ) : 503 – 525 .
- Huddy , Leonie and Nayda , Terkildsen . 1993b . Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates . American Journal of Political Science , 37 ( 1 ) : 119 – 147 .
- Iyengar , Shanto and Donald , Kinder . 1987 . News That Matters , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Kahn , Kim . 1992 . Does Being Male Help? An Investigation of the Effects of Candidate Gender and Campaign Coverage on Evaluations of US Senate Candidates . Journal of Politics , 54 ( 2 ) : 497 – 517 .
- Koch , Jeffery . 2000 . Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?” . Journal of Politics , 62 ( 2 ) : 414 – 429 .
- Koch , Jeffery . 2002 . Gender Stereotypes and Citizens’ Impressions of House Candidates’ Ideological Orientations . American Journal of Political Science , 46 ( 2 ) : 453 – 462 .
- Krosnick , Jon and Donald , Kinder . 1990 . Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming . American Political Science Review , 84 ( 2 ) : 497 – 512 .
- Landau , Mar , Sheldon , Solomon , Jeff , Greenberg , Florette , Cohen , Tom , Pyszczynski , Jamie , Arndt , Claude , Miller , Daniel , Ogilvie and Alison , Cook . 2004 . Deliver Us from Evil: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Reminders of 9/11 on Support for President George W. Bush . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 ( 9 ) : 1136 – 1150 .
- Lawless , Jennifer . 2004 . Women, War, and Winning Elections: Gender Stereotyping in the Post–September 11th Era . Political Research Quarterly , 57 ( 3 ) : 479 – 490 .
- Leeper , Mark Stephen . 1991 . The Impact of Prejudice on Female Candidates: An Experimental Look at Voter Inference . American Politics Quarterly , 19 ( 2 ) : 248 – 261 .
- Little , Anthony C. , Burriss , Robert P. , Jones , Benedict C. and Craig Robert , S. 2007 . Facial Appearance Affects Voting Decisions . Evolution and Human Behavior , 28 ( 1 ) : 18 – 27 .
- MacKinnon, David , Fairchild , Amanda J. and Fritz , Matthew S. 2007 . Mediation Analysis . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 593 – 614 .
- Matland , Richard E. 1994 . Putting Scandinavian Equality to the Test: An Experimental Evaluation of Gender Stereotyping of Political Candidates in a Sample of Norwegian Voters . British Journal of Political Science , 24 ( 2 ) : 273 – 292 .
- Matland , Richard and Gary , King . 2002 . “ Women as Candidates in Congressional Elections ” . In Women Transforming Congress , Edited by: Rosenthal , Cindy . 119 – 145 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press .
- McDermott , Monika . 1997 . Voting Cues in Low Information Elections: Candidate Gender as a Social Information Variable in Contemporary United States Elections . American Journal of Political Science , 41 ( 1 ) : 270 – 283 .
- McDermott , Monika . 1998 . Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections . Political Research Quarterly , 51 ( 4 ) : 895 – 918 .
- Merolla , Jennifer L. , Ramos , Jennifer M. and Zechmeister , Elizabeth J. 2007 . Crisis, Charisma, and Consequences: Evidence from the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election . Journal of Politics , 69 ( 1 ) : 30 – 42 .
- Merolla , Jennifer L. and Zechmeister , Elizabeth J. 2009 . Democracy at Risk: How Terrorist Threats Affect the Public , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Miller , Joanne M. and Krosnick , Jon A. 2000 . News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens are Guided by a Trusted Source . American Journal of Political Science , 44 ( 2 ) : 301 – 315 .
- Nechemias , Carol . 1987 . Changes in the Election of Women to US State Legislative Seats . Legislative Studies Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) : 125 – 142 .
- Norrander , Barbara and Clyde , Wilcox . 1998 . “ The Geography of Gender Power: Women in State Legislatures ” . In Women and Elective Office: Past, Present, and Future , Edited by: Wilcox , Clyde . 103 – 117 . Sue Thomas, , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Paolino , Phillip . 1995 . Group-Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections . American Journal of Political Science , 39 ( 2 ) : 294 – 313 .
- Petrocik , John . 1996 . Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study . American Journal of Political Science , 40 ( 3 ) : 825 – 850 .
- Rosenwasser , Shirley and Norma , Dean . 1989 . Gender Role and Political Office: Effects of Perceived Masculinity/Femininity of Candidate and Political Office . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 13 ( 1 ) : 77 – 85 .
- Rosenwasser , Shirley , Robyn , Rogers , Sheila , Fling , Kayla , Silver-Pickens and John , Butemeyer . 1987 . Attitudes Towards Women and Men in Politics: Perceived Male and Female Candidate Competencies and Participant Personality Characteristics . Political Psychology , 8 ( 2 ) : 191 – 201 .
- Rule , Wilma . 1981 . Why Women Don't Run: The Critical Contextual Factors in Women's Legislative Recruitment . The Western Political Quarterly , 34 ( 1 ) : 60 – 77 .
- Rule , Wilma . 1990 . Why More Women Are State Legislators: A Research Note . The Western Political Quarterly , 43 ( 2 ) : 437 – 448 .
- Sanbonmatsu , Kira . 2003 . Political Knowledge and Gender Stereotypes . American Politics Quarterly , 31 ( 6 ) : 575 – 594 .
- Schroedel , Jean Reith and Bruce , Snyder . 1994 . “ Patty Murray: The Mom in Tennis Shoes Goes to the Senate ” . In The Year of the Woman: Myths and Realities , Edited by: Cook , Elizabeth Adell , Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . 49 – 70 . Boulder, , CO : Westview Press .
- Seltzer , Richard , Jody , Newman and Melissa , Voorhees Leighton . 1997 . Sex as a Political Variable , Boulder, CO : Lynne Rienner .
- World Values Survey 1981–2008. World Values Survey Association Year 1999. Aggregate File Producer: ASEP/JDS, Madrid http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org. (http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org.)
- Wilcox , Clyde and Barbara , Norrander . 2005 . “ Change in Continuity in the Geography of Women Legislators ” . In Women in Elective Office , 2nd , Edited by: Thomas , Sue and Wilcox , Clyde . 176 – 196 . New York : Oxford University Press .
- Wilson , Marie C. 2004 . Closing the Leadership Gap: Why Woman Can and Must Run the World , 176 – 196 . New York : Penguin .