Media Coverage of Female Candidates’ Traits in the 2020 Democratic Presidential Primary

References

• Anderson, Karrin Vasby and Kristina Horn Sheeler. 2005. Governing Codes: Gender, metaphor, and political identity. New York, NY: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Augoustinos, Martha and Stephanie De Garis. 2012. “‘Too Black or Not Black Enough’: Social identity complexity in the political rhetoric of Barack Obama.” European Journal of Social Psychology 42(5): 564–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, Tiffany D.,and Emily Beaulieu. 2019. “Women Politicians, Institutions, and Perceptions of Corruption.” Comparative Political Science 51(1): 134–167.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, Tiffany D., Regina P. Branton, and Erin C. Cassese. 2017. “A Reexamination of Women’s Electoral Success in Open Seat Elections: The conditioning effect of electoral competition.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 38(3): 298–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, Nichole M. 2019. “Gender Stereotyping in Political Decision Making.” In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. [Online] https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/ https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-772?print=pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, Nichole M. 2020. The Qualifications Gap: Why women must be better than men to win political office. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, Nichole M. and Martina Santia. 2021. “Going Feminine: Identifying How and When Female Candidates Emphasize Feminine and Masculine Traits on the Campaign Trail.” Political Research Quarterly. June 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bejarano, Christina E. 2013. The Latina Advantage: Gender, Race, and Political Success. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia, Sudeep, Geoffrey P. Goodwin, and Lukasz Walasek. 2018. “Trait Associations for Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in News Media: A computational analysis.” Social Psychological and Personality Science 9(2): 123–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner, Amanda. 2011. Platform or Personality? The Role of Party Leaders in Elections. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boatright, Robert G. and Valerie Sperling. 2019. Trumping Politics as Usual: Masculinity, Misogyny and the 2016 Elections. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boomgaarden, Hajo, Mark Boukes, and Aurora Iorgoveanu. 2016. “Images Versus Text: How Newspaper Reports Affect Evaluations of Political Candidates.” International Journal of Communication 10: 2529–2555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braden, Maria. 1996. Women Politicians in the Media. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brescoll, Victoria L., and Eric Luis Uhlmann. 2008. “Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status conferral, gender, and expression of emotion in the workplace.” Psychological Science 19(3): 268–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broder, Andrei Z., 2000. “Identifying and Filtering Near-Duplicate Documents.” In Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching, 1–10. Montreal: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, Deborah Jordan. 2013. He Runs, She Runs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Nadia E. 2014. Sisters in the Statehouse: Black women and legislative decision making. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burge, Camille D., Melissa J. Hodges, and Rio Rinaldi. 2020. “Family Matters? Exploring Media Coverage of Presidential Candidates’ Families by Gender and Race.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 8(5): 1022–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, Cindy, and Sharon R. Mazzarella. 2008. “‘A Slightly New Shade of Lipstick:’ Gendered Mediation in Internet News Stories.” Women’s Studies in Communication 31(3): 395–418.
   Google Scholar
• Bystrom, Dianne. 2018. “Gender and Communication on the Campaign Trail: Media coverage, advertising, and online outreach.” In Gender and Elections: Shaping the future of American politics, eds. Susan J. Carroll and Richard L. Fox, 250–279. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carew, Jessica D. J. 2016. “How Do You See Me? Stereotyping of Black women and how it affects them in an electoral context.” In Distinct Identities: Minority women in American politics, eds. Nadia E. Brown and Sarah Allen Gershon, 111–131. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cargile, Ivy A. M. 2021. “Stereotyping Latinas: Candidate gender and ethnicity on the political stage.” Politics, Groups, and Identities. [Firstview]: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Carlin, Diana B. and Kelly L. Winfrey. 2009. “Have you Come a Long Way Baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Sexism in 2008 Campaign Coverage.” Communication Studies 60(4): 326–343.
   Google Scholar
• Cassese, Erin C. 2019. Intersectional Stereotyping in Political Decision Making. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.773
   Google Scholar
• Cassese, Erin C. and Mirya R. Holman. 2019. “Playing the Woman Card: Ambivalent sexism in the 2016 US presidential race.” Political Psychology 40(1): 55–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, Katherine, Charles Crabtree, and Yusaku Horiuchi. 2020. “Do Identity Frames Impact Support for Multiracial Candidates? The Case of Kamala Harris.” Working Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Coles, Stewart M., and Josh Pasek. 2020. “Intersectional Invisibility Revisited: How group prototypes lead to the erasure and exclusion of Black women.” Translational Issues in Psychological Science 6(4): 314–324.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, Meredith. 2015. Masculinity, Media, and the American Presidency. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, Meredith. 2018. “Strength, Stamina, and Sexism in the 2016 Presidential Race.” Politics & Gender 14 (1): 116–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, Meredith, Erin Cassese, Dhrumil Mehta, Al Jori, Ciera Hammond, Sean Long, Dominik Stecula, and Linda Beail. 2020. “Mayor Pete is Smart and Elizabeth Warren is Unlikeable? A Text-As-Data Approach to Studying Media Representations of the 2020 Democratic Presidential Primary Candidates.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, Meredith, and Jon Green. 2020. “It Takes a Motive: Communal and agentic articulated interest and candidate emergence.” Political Research Quarterly 73(4): 942–956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, Meredith, Sarah Oliver, Ian Breckenridge-Jackson, and Caroline Heldman. 2015. “From Ferraro to Palin: Sexism in coverage of vice presidential candidates in old and new media.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3(4): 573–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Brittney. 2018. Eloquent Rage: A Black feminist discovers her superpower. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• Courtemanche, Maria and Joanne Connor Green. 2020. “A Fall from Grace: Women, Scandals, and Perceptions of Politicians, Journal of Women.” Politics & Policy (41)2: 219–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuddy, Amy J.C., Susan T. Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2004. “When Professionals Become Mothers, Warmth Doesn’t Cut the Ice.” Journal of Social issues 60(4): 701–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuddy, Amy J.C., Susan T. Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2008. “Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 40: 61–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva, Frederico Ferreira and Patricio Costa. 2018. “Do We Need Warm Leaders? Exploratory Study of the Role of Voter Evaluations of Leaders’ Traits on Turnout in Seven European Countries.” European Journal of Political Research 58 (1): 117–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditonto, Tessa. 2017. “A High Bar or a Double Standard? Gender, Competence, and Information in Political Campaigns.” Political Behavior 39: 301–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmar, Kelly. 2015. Navigating gendered terrain: Stereotypes and strategy in political campaigns. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dittmar, Kelly. 2020. “Urgency and Ambition: the influence of political environment and emotion in spurring US women’s candidacies in 2018.” European Journal of Politics and Gender, 3(1): 143–160.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, Roxanne A. 2011. “Tough or Tender: (Dis) similarities in white college students’ perceptions of Black and white women.” Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3): 458–468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerst-Lahti, Georgia and Madison Oakley. 2018. “Presidential Elections: Gendered Space and the Case of 2016.” In Gender and Elections: Shaping the future of American politics, eds. Susan J. Carroll and Richard L. Fox, 15–47. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H. and Linda L. Carli. 2007. Through the Labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H., and Steven J. Karau. 2002. “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders.” Psychology Review 109 (3): 573–598.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, Erika. 2010. Women for President: Media Bias in Nine Campaigns. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, Susan T. 2012. “Warmth and Competence: Stereotype content issues for clinicians and researchers.” Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne 53(1): 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, Susan T., Amy J.C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu. 2002. “A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6): 878–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, Susan T., Jun Xu, Amy J.C. Cuddy, and Peter Glick. 1999. “(Dis)respecting versus (dis)liking: Status and interdependence predict ambivalent stereotypes of competence and warmth.” Journal of social issues, 55(3): 473–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, Angela. 2013. “Bringing Narrative In: Race-Gender Storytelling, Political Ambition, and Women’s Paths to Public Office.” Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy 34 (2): 113–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, Angela. 2014. “‘Who Better to Do It Than Me!’: Race, Gender and the Deciding to Run Accounts of Political Women in Texas.” Quantitative Sociology 37 (3): 301–21.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia Bedolla, Lisa. 2007. “Intersections of Inequality: Understanding marginalization and privilege in the post-civil rights era.” Politics & Gender 3(2): 232–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galinsky, Adam D., Erika V. Hall, and Amy J.C. Cuddy. 2013. “Gendered Races: Implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation.” Psychological Science 24(4): 498–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gans, Herbert J. 1979. “Deciding What’s News: Story Suitability.” Society 16: 65–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon, Sarah Allen. 2012a. “Media Coverage of Minority Congresswomen and Voter Evaluations: Evidence from an Online Experimental Study.” Political Research Quarterly 66(3): 702–714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon, Sarah Allen. 2012b. “When Race, Gender, and Media Intersect: Campaign News Coverage of Minority Congresswomen.” Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy 33(2): 105–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil, Elisabeth and Joanna Everitt. 1999. “Metaphors and Misrepresentation: Gendered Mediation in News Coverage of the 1993 Canadian Leaders’ Debates.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 4(1): 48–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil, Elisabeth and Joanna Everett. 2003. “Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders’ Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 36(3): 559–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick, Peter, Jeffrey Diebold, Barbara Bailey-Werner, and Lin Zhu. 1997. “The Two Faces of Adam: Ambivalent sexism and polarized attitudes toward women.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23(12): 1323–1334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, Philip A., Matthew A. Thomas, and Margaret C. Jackson. 2008. “‘Ain’t I a Woman?’: Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms.” Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 392–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear-Grant, Elizabeth. 2013. Gendered News: Media Coverage and Electoral Politics in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, Amy and Jerry L. Miller. 2005. When Stereotypes Collide: Race/ethnicity, gender, and videostyle in Congressional campaigns. Pieterlen, Switzerland: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, David A. 2015. “A Short History of Whether Barack Obama is Black Enough, Featuring Robert Murdoch.” The Atlantic https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/a-short-history-of-whether-obama-is-black-enough-featuring-rupert-murdoch/409642/. Accessed August 26, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Han, Lori Cox and Caroline Heldman. 2007. Rethinking Madam President: Are We Ready for a Woman in the White House? Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Harmer, Emily, Heather Savigny, and Orly Siow. 2020. “Trump, Clinton, and the Gendering of Newspaper Discourse About the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Debates.” Women’s Studies in Communication 44(1): 81–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Danny. 2011. “When Gender and Party Collide: Stereotyping in candidate trait attribution.” Politics & Gender 7(2): 133–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Danny and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2015. “A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, voters, and female candidates in contemporary congressional elections.” Perspectives on Politics 13(1): 95–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, Danny, Jennifer L. Lawless, and Gail Baitinger. 2014. “Who Cares What They Wear? Media, Gender and the Influence of Candidate Appearance.” Social Science Quarterly 95(5): 1194–1212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heldman, Caroline, Susan J. Carroll and Stephanie Olson. 2005. “‘She Brought Only a Skirt:’ Print Media Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Bid for the Republican Presidential Nomination.” Political Communication 22(3): 315–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holian, David B., and Charles Prysby. 2014. “Candidate Character Traits in the 2012 Presidential Election.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 44(3): 448–505.
   Google Scholar
• Holman, Mirya R., Jennifer L. Merolla, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister. 2016. “Terrorist Threat, Male Stereotypes, and Candidate Evaluations.” Political Research Quarterly 69(1): 134–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. “The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at Different Levels and Types of Office.” Political Research Quarterly 46(3): 503–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. 1997. Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Philip Edwards. 2014. “Revisiting Stereotypes of Non-White Politicians’ Ideological and Partisan Orientations.” American Politics Research 42 (2): 283–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, Kim Fridkin. 1992. “Does Being Male Help? An Investigation of the Effects of Candidate Gender and Campaign Coverage on Evaluations of US Senate Candidates.” The Journal of Politics 54(2): 497–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, Kim Fridkin. 1994. “Does Gender Make a Difference? An Experimental Examination of Sex Stereotypes and Press Patterns in Statewide Campaigns.” American Journal of Political Science 38(1): 162–95−.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, Kim Fridkin and Edie N. Goldenberg. 1991. “Women Candidates in the News: An Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage.” Public Opinion Quarterly 55(2):180–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Kihan, and Maxwell McCombs. 2007. “News Story Descriptions and the Public’s Opinions of Political Candidates.” Journal & Mass Communication Quarterly 84(2): 299–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder, Donald R., Mark D. Peters, Robert P. Abelson, and Susan T. Fiske. 1980. “Presidential Prototypes.” Political Behavior 2(4): 315–337.
   Google Scholar
• Kornblut, Anne E. 2009. Notes from the Cracked Ceiling: Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and what it will take for a woman to win. New York, NY: Crown.
   Google Scholar
• Laustsen, Lasse and Alexander Bor. 2017. “The Relative Weight of Character Traits in Political Candidate Evaluations: Warmth is More important than Competence, Leadership, and Integrity.” Electoral Studies 49(2017): 97–107.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, Regina G., and Melody Rose. 2010. Hillary Clinton’s Race for the White House: Gender, Politics and the Media on the Campaign Trail. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Lemi, Danielle Casarez. 2018. “Identity and Coalitions in a Multiracial Era: How State Legislators Navigate Race and Ethnicity.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 6(4): 725–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemi, Danielle Casarez. 2020. “Do Voters Prefer Just Any Descriptive Representation? The Case of Multiracial Candidates.” Perspectives on Politics FirstView.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, Monica H., Virginia SY Kwan, Anna Cheung, and Susan T. Fiske. 2005. “Stereotype Content Model Explains Prejudice for an Envied Outgroup: Scale of anti-Asian American stereotypes.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31(1): 34–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston, Robert W., Ashleigh Shelby Rosette, and Ella F. Washington. 2012. “Can an agentic Black woman get ahead? The impact of race and interpersonal dominance on perceptions of female leaders.” Psychological Science 23(4): 354–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luks, Samantha and Brian Schaffner. 2019. “New polling shows how much sexism is hurting the Democratic women running for president.” The Washington Post’s Monkey Cage. [Online] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/11/women-candidates-must-overcome-sexist-attitudes-even-democratic-primary/
   Google Scholar
• Masuoka, Natalie 2015. “Racial Identification in a Post Obama Era: Multiracialism, Identity Choice, and Candidate Evaluation.” In American Identity in the Age of Obama, eds. Barreto, Amilcar Antonio and Richard L. O’Bryant, 42–69. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, Monika L. 1997. “Voting Cues in Low-Information Elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary United States elections.” American Journal of Political Science 51(4): 270–283.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, Monika L. 1998. “Race and Gender Cues in Low-Information Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 51(4): 895–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeks, Lindsey. 2012. “Is She ‘Man Enough?’ Women Candidates, Executive Political Office, and News Coverage.” Journal of Communication 62: 175–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niven, David. 2005. “Gender Bias? Media coverage of women and men in Congress.” In Gender and American Politics: Women, Men, and the Political Process, eds. Tolleson-Rinehart, Sue, and Jyl J. Josephson, 264–283. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, Thomas E. 1993. Out of Order. New York: Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Philpot, Tasha S. and Hanes Walton Jr. 2007. “One of Our Own: Black female candidates and the voters who support them.” American Journal of Political Science 51(1): 49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdie-Vaughns, Valerie and Richard P. Eibach. 2008. “Intersectional Invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities” Sex Roles 59(5–6), 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaraman, Anand, and Jeffrey David Ullman. 2011. Mining of Massive Datasets. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby, Christy Zhou Koval, Anyi Ma, and Robert Livingston. 2016. “Race matters for women leaders: Intersectional effects on agentic deficiencies and penalties.” The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3): 429–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, Karen, and Annabelle Sreberny. 2000. “Women in the House: Media representation of British politicians.” In Gender, Politics and Communication, eds. Annabelle Sreberny and Liesbet Van Zoonen. 79–99. Cresskill: Hampton Pr.
   Google Scholar
• Salerno, Jessica M., Hannah J. Phalen, Rosa N. Reyes and N.J. Schweitzer. 2018 “Closing with Emotion: The differential impact of male versus female attorneys expressing anger in court.” Law and Human Behavior 42(4): 385–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, Monica C. and Angela L. Bos. 2014. “Measuring Stereotypes of Female Politicians.” Political Psychology 35(2): 245–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck, Andreas R.T., Rens Vliegenthart, Hajo Boomgaarden, Matthijs Elenbaas, Rachid Azrout, Joost van Spanje, and Claes H. Vreese. 2013. “Explaining Campaign News Coverage: How Medium, Time and Context Explain Variation in the Media Framing of the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections.” Journal of Political Marketing 12(1): 8–28.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Aidan. 2017. Gender, Heteronormativity, and the American Presidency. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smooth, Wendy. 2006. “Intersectionality in Electoral Politics: A mess worth making.” Politics & Gender 2(3): 400–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teele, Dawn Langan, Joshua Kalla, and Frances Rosenbluth. 2018. “The Ties That Double Bind: Social Roles and Women’s Underrepresentation in Politics.” American Political Science Review 112(3): 525–541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todorov, Alexander, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Amir Goren, and Crystal C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science 308 (5728): 1623–1626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towner, Terri L. and Rosalee A. Clawson. 2016. “A Wise Latina or a Baffled Rookie? Media Coverage of Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s Ascent to the Bench.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 37(3): 316–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turcotte, Jason, Lauren Furey, J. Omar Garcia-Ortega, Nicolas Hernandez, Carrisa Siccion, and Emily Stephenson. 2021. “The Novelty News Frame: How Social Identity Influences Policy Attention of Minority Presidential Candidates.” Newspaper Research Journal 42(1): 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Pas, Daphne and Loes Aaldering. 2020. “Gender Differences in Political Media Coverage: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Communication 70 (1): 114–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, Orlanda. 2016. “Seeing Double: Race, Gender, and Coverage of Minority Women’s Campaigns for the US House of Representatives.” Politics and Gender 12(2016): 317–343.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, Orlanda. 2017. “Intersectionality and Press Coverage of Political Campaigns: Representations of Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic Female Candidates at the U.K. 2010 General Election.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 22(1): 43–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, Joan C. 2014. “Double Jeopardy? An empirical study with implications for the debates over implicit bias and intersectionality.” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 37(1): 185–242.
   Google Scholar
• Wineinger, Catherine. 2021. “How can a Black Woman be a Republican? An intersectional analysis of identity claims in the 2014 Mia Love campaign.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9(3): 566–588.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, Nicholas J. G. 2010. “Masculine Republicans and Feminine Democrats: Gender and Americans’ explicit and implicit images of the political parties.” Political Behavior 32(4): 587–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, Wendy and Alice Eagly. 2012. “Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 46(2012): 55–123.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, H. Denis and Tien-Tsung Lee. 2005. “The Submissive, The Calculated, and the American Dream: Coverage of Asian American Political Candidates in the 1990s.” The Howard Journal of Communication 16(2005): 225–241.
   Google Scholar