References
- Agarwal, Kabir. 2019. “Six Charts Show That India Is Not Yet Open Defecation Free.” The Wire, October 2. https://thewire.in/government/six-charts-show-that-india-is-not-yet-open-defecation-free (December 9, 2021).
- Alluri, Aparna. 2019. “‘Toilet Trouble’ for Narendra Modi and Bill Gates.” BBC, September 23. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49738605 (December 18, 2021).
- Amenca, Phiren. 2022. “Cast System in India Today.” Phiren Amenca, February 23. https://phirenamenca.eu/cast-system-in-india-today/ (July 8, 2022).
- Anderson, Kate T., and Jessica Holloway. 2020. “Discourse Analysis as Theory, Method, and Epistemology in Studies of Education Policy.” Journal of Education Policy 35 (2):188–221. doi:10.1080/02680939.2018.1552992.
- Angermuller, Johannes, Dominique Maingueneau, and Ruth Wodak, eds. 2014. The Discourse Studies Reader: Main Currents in Theory and Analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Anuradha, R., Ruma Dutta, J. Dinesh Raja, D. Lawrence, J. Timsi, and P. Sivaprakasam. 2017. “Role of Community in Swachh Bharat Mission. Their Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Sanitary Latrine Usage in Rural Areas, Tamil Nadu.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine 42 (2):107–10. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.205213.
- Ashraf, Sania, Jinyi Kuang, Upasak Das, Alex Shpenev, Erik Thulin, and Cristina Bicchieri . 2022. “Social Beliefs and Women’s Role in Sanitation Decision Making in Bihar, India: An Exploratory Mixed Method Study.” PLOS ONE 17 (1):e0262643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262643.
- Azeez, E.PAbdul, Dandub Palzor Negi, and Aditi Mishra. 2019. “Women’s Experiences of Defecating in the Open: A Qualitative Study.” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26 (1–2):160–70. doi:10.1177/0971521518808098.
- Bapat, Meera, and Indu Agarwal. 2003. “Our Needs, Our Priorities; Women and Men from the Slums in Mumbai and Pune Talk about Their Needs for Water and Sanitation.” Environment and Urbanization 15 (2):71–86. doi:10.1177/095624780301500221.
- Baruah, Aparajita. 2014. “The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: A Review.” Space and Culture, India 1 (3):9–17. doi:10.20896/saci.v1i3.41.
- Bathran, Ravichandaran. 2011. “Book Review: Squatting with Dignity: Lessons from India Kumar Alok (New Delhi: Sage; 2010).” Economic and Political Weekly 46 (51): 34–37.
- Batliwala, Srilatha. 2007. “Taking the Power Out of Empowerment – An Experiential Account.” Development in Practice 17 (4–5):557–65. doi:10.1080/09614520701469559.
- BBC. 2019. “What Is India’s Caste System?” British Broadcasting Corporation, June 19. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616 (December 21, 2021).
- Behera, Deepak Kumar, and Sanghamitra Mishra. 2022. “The Burden of Diarrhea, Etiologies, and Risk Factors in India from 1990 to 2019: Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study.” BMC Public Health 22 (1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12515-3.
- Behera, Manas Ranjan, Himanshu Sekhar Pradhan, Deepanjali Behera, Damodar Jena, and Sudhir Kumar Satpathy. 2021. “Achievements and Challenges of India’s Sanitation Campaign under Clean India Mission: A Commentary.” Journal of Education and Health Promotion 10 (1):350. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1658_20.
- Bhatia, Anisha. 2017. “World Toilet Day: Prime Minister Narendra Modi Reiterates Importance Of Having A Toilet At Home, Says Committed To Improving Sanitation Facilities.” NDTV, November 19. https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/world-toilet-day-prime-minister-narendra-modi-reiterates-importance-of-sanitation-says-committed-to-improving-sanitation-facilities-14977/ (February 22, 2022).
- Bhattacharjee, Shikha Silliman. 2014. Cleaning Human Waste: “Manual Scavenging,” Caste, and Discrimination in India. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.
- Bidner, Chris, and Mukesh Eswaran. 2015. “A Gender-Based Theory of the Origin of the Caste System of India.” Journal of Development Economics 114:142–58. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.12.006.
- Biswas, Soutik. 2014. “Why India’s Sanitation Crisis Kills Women.” British Broadcasting Corporation, May 30. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27635363 (December 9, 2021).
- Biswas, Sujay. 2019. “Sujay Biswas, ‘Gandhi’s Approach to Caste and Untouchability - A Reappraisal.’.” Social Scientist 46: 71–90.
- Biswas, Durba, and Shweta Joshi. 2021. “Sanitation and Gendered Psychosocial Stress in Peri-Urban Bangalore.” Development in Practice 31 (4):548–57. doi:10.1080/09614524.2020.1862762.
- Bordia, Radhika, and Yogesh Pawar. 2021. “Manual Scavenging Has Killed 400 Indians since It Was Banned – And yet Nobody Has Been Convicted.” Scroll.in, April 16. https://scroll.in/article/992294/manual-scavenging-has-killed-400-indians-since-it-was-banned-and-yet-nobody-has-been-convicted (December 22, 2021).
- Bose, Rakhi. 2019. “For Women Safai Karamcharis, ‘Liberation’ Is Manual Scavenging with a Makeover.” News18, December 18. https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/for-women-safai-karamcharis-liberation-is-manual-scavenging-with-a-makeover-2400809.html (February 23, 2022).
- Brewis, Alexandra, Amber Wutich, Margaret V. du Bray, Jonathan Maupin, Roseanne C. Schuster, Matthew M. Gervais, et al. 2019. “Community Hygiene Norm Violators are Consistently Stigmatized: Evidence from Four Global Sites and Implications for Sanitation Interventions.” Social Science & Medicine 220:12–21. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.020
- Butler, Judith. 2006. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
- Callister, Fiona. 2017. “Dirty Water and Lack of Safe Toilets among Top Five Killers of Women Worldwide.”WaterAid, July 3. https://www.wateraid.org/media/dirty-water-and-lack-of-safe-toilets-among-top-five-killers-of-women-worldwide (December 20, 2021).
- Caruso, Bethany A., Hannah L.F. Cooper, Regine Haardörfer, Kathryn M. Yount, Parimita Routray, Belen Torondel, and Thomas Clasen. 2018. “The Association between Women’s Sanitation Experiences and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural, Odisha India.” SSM - Population Health 5:257–66. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.06.005.
- Cavill, Sue, and Chelsea Huggett. 2020. “Good Mums: A Gender Equality Perspective on the Constructions of the Mother in Handwashing Campaigns.” Journal of Gender and Water 7 (4): 26–36.
- Chatterjee, Rhitu. 2016. “In India, Access to Toilets Remains a Huge Problem — Worst of All for Women and Girls.” The World, May 12. https://theworld.org/stories/2016-05-12/india-access-toilets-remains-huge-problem-worst-all-women-and-girls (December 9, 2021).
- Coffey, Diane, Aashish Gupta, Payal Hathi, Dean Spears, Nikhil Srivastav, and Sangita Vyas. 2016. Understanding Open Defecation in Rural India: Untouchability, Pollution, and Latrine Pits. London: International Growth Centre. Working Paper #F-35114-INC-2. https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/coffey-et-al-2016-working-paper.pdf (February 22, 2022).
- Crenshaw, Kimberlé. 1989. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1989 (1): 139–67.
- Crittenden, Courtney A., and Emily M. Wright. 2013. “Predicting Patriarchy: Using Individual and Contextual Factors to Examine Patriarchal Endorsement in Communities.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28 (6):1267–88. doi:10.1177/0886260512468245.
- Curtis, Val. 2019. “Explaining the Outcomes of the ‘Clean India’ Campaign: Institutional Behaviour and Sanitation Transformation in India.” BMJ Global Health 4 (5):e001892. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001892.
- Dandabathula, Giribabu, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Mithilesh Burra, Peddineni V.V. Prasada Rao, and Srinivasa S. Rao. 2019. “Impact Assessment of India’s Swachh Bharat Mission – Clean India Campaign on Acute Diarrheal Disease Outbreaks: Yes, There Is a Positive Change.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8 (3):1202–08. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_144_19.
- Deep, Aroon. 2017. “Swachh Bharat Spent Rs 530 Crore on Publicity in Three Years – But Little on Grassroots Awareness.” Scroll.in, November 22. https://scroll.in/article/857030/centre-spent-rs-530-crores-in-3-years-on-swachh-bharat-publicity-but-has-little-to-show-for-it (February 23, 2022).
- Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation. 2020. “Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase-II Guidelines.” https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/swachh-bharatmissiongrameen-phase-ii-guidelines
- Dery, Florence, Elijah Bisung, Sarah Dickin, and Michelle Dyer. 2020. “Understanding Empowerment in Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH): A Scoping Review.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10 (1):5–15. doi:10.2166/washdev.2019.077.
- Desai, Dhaval. 2020. “Swachh Bharat – A Failed Mission for Manual Scavengers.” Observer Research Foundation, January 22. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/swachh-bharat-a-failed-mission-for-manual-scavengers-60538/ (February 23, 2022).
- Desai, Dhaval. 2020. “282 Deaths in Last 4 Years: How Swachh Bharat Mission Failed India’s Manual Scavengers.” The Print, January 27. https://theprint.in/india/282-deaths-in-last-4-years-how-swachh-bharat-mission-failed-indias-manual-scavengers/354116/ (February 23, 2022).
- Dickin, Sarah, Elijah Bisung, Juste Nansi, and Katrina Charles. 2021. “Empowerment in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Index.” World Development 137:105158. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105158.
- Dickson, Lynda. 2010. “Thinking about Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, 8th Edition Edited by Margaret L. Andersen and Dana Hysock.” Journal of Women & Aging 22 (1):77–79. doi:10.1080/08952840903489151.
- Eagly, Alice H., and Wendy Wood. 2016. “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences.” In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies, eds. Angela Wong, Maithree Wickramasinghe, Renee Hoogland, and Nancy A Naples. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, 1–3.
- Fawkner, H.J. 2012. “Body Image Development – Adult Men.” Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance 1: 194–200.
- Fisher, Julie. 2006. For Her It’s the Big Issue: Putting Women at the Centre of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene. Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council. Evidence Report. https://genderinsite.net/sites/default/files/wsscc_for_her_its_the_big_issue_evidence_report_2006_en.pdf (December 22, 2021).
- Fisher, Julie. 2008. “Women in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Programmes.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 161 (4):223–29. doi:10.1680/muen.2008.161.4.223.
- Gauri, Varun, Tasmia Rahman, and Iman K. Sen. 2020. “Shifting Social Norms to Reduce Open Defecation in Rural India.” Behavioural Public Policy 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2020.46
- Gee, James Paul, and Judith L. Green. 1998. “Chapter 4: Discourse Analysis, Learning, and Social Practice: A Methodological Study.” Review of Research in Education 23 (1): 119–69.
- GGI. 2021. India’s Sanitation Crisis: An Unequal Gender Access in Rural India. New Delhi: Global Governance Initiative (GGI). Fellowship Report Series. https://www.globalgovernanceinitiative.org/post/india-s-sanitation-crisis-an-unequal-gender-access-in-rural-india (February 19, 2022).
- Gruber, Siegfried, and Mikołaj Szołtysek. 2016. “The Patriarchy Index: A Comparative Study of Power Relations across Historical Europe.” The History of the Family 21 (2):133–74. doi:10.1080/1081602X.2014.1001769.
- Gupta, Aashish, Diane Coffey, and Dean Spears. 2016. “Purity, Pollution, and Untouchability: Challenges Affecting the Adoption, Use, and Sustainability of Sanitation Programmes in Rural India.” In Sustainable Sanitation for All: Experiences, Challenges, and Innovations, eds., Petra Bongartz, Naomi Vernon, and John Fox. Practical Action Publishing. https://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/book/10.3362/9781780449272 February 26, 2022
- Guy, Hutton, Sumeet Patil, Avni Kumar, Nicolas Osbert, Francis Odhiambo, et al. 2020. “Comparison of the Costs and Benefits of the Clean India Mission.” World Development 134:105052. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105052
- Heller, Léo, Catarina De Albuquerque, Virginia Roaf, and Alejandro Jiménez. 2020. “Overview of 12 Years of Special Rapporteurs on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: Looking Forward to Future Challenges.” Water 12 (9):2598. doi:10.3390/w12092598.
- Hindustan Times. 2017. “Rajasthan Officials ‘Photograph Women Defecating in Public,’ Lynch Man Who Objected.” The Hindustan Times, June 17. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/man-objects-to-civic-officials-taking-photos-of-women-defecating-in-open-is-lynched-to-death/story-bjv71wviSpLGlXtT7SAWuL.html (February 25, 2022).
- Hirai, Mitsuaki, Jay P. Graham, and John Sandberg. 2016. “Understanding Women’s Decision Making Power and Its Link to Improved Household Sanitation: The Case of Kenya.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6 (1):151–60. doi:10.2166/washdev.2016.128.
- Hodges, Brian David, Ayelet Kuper, and Scott Reeves. 2008. “Discourse Analysis.” BMJ 337 (7669):570–72. doi:10.1136/bmj.a879.
- Hoque, Md Mahmudul. 2021a. “Forced Labour and Access to Education of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh: Beyond a Humanitarian Crisis.” Journal of Modern Slavery 6 (3):20–35. doi:10.22150/jms/PPJY4309.
- Hoque, Md Mahmudul. 2021b. “Reviewing Child Labour and Its Worst Forms: Contemporary Theoretical and Policy Agenda.” Journal of Modern Slavery 6 (4): 32–51.
- IANS. 2019a. “Proud to Be Chowkidar of Toilets, Says Modi.” Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/proud-to-be-chowkidar-of-toilets-says-modi-119040100429_1.html (February 22, 2022).
- IANS. 2019b. “Swachh Bharat Awards: President Felicitates 27 Women For Their Role In Swachh Bharat Mission.” Swachhindia.ndtv.com, September 6. https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/swachh-bharat-awards-president-felicitates-27-women-for-role-in-swachh-bharat-mission-37812/ (February 23, 2022).
- Islam, Rafiqul, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2022. “Trade-Off between Schooling and Labor for Children: Understanding the Determinative Factors among Rural Households in Bangladesh.” Frontiers in Sociology 7:839231. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2022.839231.
- Jadhav, Apoorva, Abigail Weitzman, and Emily Smith-Greenaway. 2016. “Household Sanitation Facilities and Women’s Risk of Non-Partner Sexual Violence in India.” BMC Public Health 16 (1):1139. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3797-z.
- Jain, Anoop, Ashley Wagner, Claire Snell-Rood, and Isha Ray. 2020. “Understanding Open Defecation in the Age of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Agency, Accountability, and Anger in Rural Bihar.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (4):1384. doi:10.3390/ijerph17041384.
- Jaiswal, Kartikeya, and Pranay Modi. 2020. “From Legal Fiction to Reality: Securing the Dignity of India’s Manual Scavengers.” Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional, June 11. https://intr2dok.vifa-recht.de/receive/mir_mods_00008922 (February 23, 2022).
- Jan Sahas Social Development Society. 2014. Socio Economic Status of Women Manual Scavengers. New Delhi: UN Women. Baseline Study Report. https://anyflip.com/efia/ahxo/basic.%C2%A0 (February 23, 2022).
- Jebaraj, Priscilla. 2018. “Rani Mistris Score Swachh Goal.” The Hindu, December 16. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jharkhands-trained-women-masons-have-built-over-15-lakh-toilets-in-a-year/article25753771.ece (February 26, 2022).
- Johnston, Rick. 2017. “Overview of WASH-Related SDG Targets (6.1 and 6.2).” WHO/UNICEF Joint Management Program, May 4. https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2017/WAT/05May_04-05_Protocol_SDG_and_9th_TFTSR/presentations/5.Johnston_JMP_SDGs_6.1_6.2.pdf (December 9, 2021).
- Kabeer, Naila. 2005. “Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal 1.” Gender & Development 13 (1):13–24. doi:10.1080/13552070512331332273.
- Karthykeyan, Deepa. 2020. “Bridging Gender Inequality in Sanitation in India: Swachh Bharat Mission and Beyond.” In Voices on South Asia, eds. Emma J Flatt, Vani Swarupa Murali, and Silvia Tieri. Singapore: World Scientific, 323–41.
- Kayser, Georgia Lyn, Praveen Chokhandre, Namratha Rao, Abhishek Singh, Lotus McDougal, and Anita Raj. 2021. “Household Sanitation Access and Risk for Non-Marital Sexual Violence among a Nationally Representative Sample of Women in India, 2015-16.” SSM - Population Health 13:100738. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100738.
- Kayser, Georgia L, Namratha Rao, Rupa Jose, and Anita Raj. 2019. “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Measuring Gender Equality and Empowerment.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 97 (6):438–40. doi:10.2471/BLT.18.223305.
- Kelbert, Alexandra, and Naomi Hossain. 2014. “Poor Man’s Patriarchy: Gender Roles and Global Crises.” IDS Bulletin 45 (1):20–28. doi:10.1111/1759-5436.12064.
- Kidwai, Naina Lal. 2021. “Women’s Needs are Key to Swachh Bharat Success.” The Indian Express, March 6. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/womens-needs-are-key-to-swachh-bharat-success-7216123/ (February 25, 2022).
- Kisana, Ravikant, and Nioshi Shah. 2021. “‘No One Understands What We Go Through’: Self-Identification of Health Risks by Women Sanitation Workers in Pune, India during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Gender & Development 29 (1):35–54. doi:10.1080/13552074.2021.1885217.
- Koonan, Sujith. 2019. “Sanitation Interventions in India: Gender Myopia and Implications for Gender Equality.” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26 (1–2):40–58. doi:10.1177/0971521518812114.
- Kramer, Stephanie. 2021. Religious Composition of India. Washington DC: Pew Research Center. Survey Report. https://www.pewforum.org/2021/09/21/religious-composition-of-india/ (December 21, 2021).
- Kuang, Jinyi, Sania Ashraf, Alex Shpenev, Maryann Greene Delea, Upasak Das, and Cristina Bicchieri. 2020. “Women are More Likely to Expect Social Sanctions for Open Defecation: Evidence from Tamil Nadu India.” PLOS ONE 15 (10):e0240477. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240477.
- Kuchay, Bilal. 2019. “Modi Declares India Open Defecation Free, Claim Questioned.” Al Jazeera, October 2. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/2/modi-declares-india-open-defecation-free-claim-questioned (February 23, 2022).
- Kulkarni, Seema, Kathleen O’Reilly, and Sneha Bhat. 2017. “No Relief: Lived Experiences of Inadequate Sanitation Access of Poor Urban Women in India.” Gender & Development 25 (2):167–83. doi:10.1080/13552074.2017.1331531.
- Kumar, Vivek. 2005. “Situating Dalits in Indian Sociology.” Sociological Bulletin 54 (3):514–32. doi:10.1177/0038022920050313.
- Kumar, Shubham, and Priyanka Preet. 2020. “Manual Scavenging: Women Face Double Discrimination as Caste and Gender Inequalities Converge.” Economic and Political Weekly 55 (26–27): 11.
- Kwiringira, Japheth, Peter Atekyereza, Charles Niwagaba, and Isabel Günther. 2014. “Gender Variations in Access, Choice to Use and Cleaning of Shared Latrines; Experiences from Kampala Slums, Uganda.” BMC Public Health 14 (1):1180. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1180.
- Leahy, Caitlin, Keren Winterford, Tuyen Nghiem, John Kelleher, Lee Leong, and Juliet Willetts. 2017. “Transforming Gender Relations through Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Programming and Monitoring in Vietnam.” Gender & Development 25 (2):283–301. doi:10.1080/13552074.2017.1331530.
- Lee, YuJung Julia. 2018. “Gender, Electoral Competition, and Sanitation in India.” Comparative Politics 50 (4):587–605. doi:10.5129/001041518823565669.
- MacArthur, Jess, Naomi Carrard, and Juliet Willetts. 2020. “WASH and Gender: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Gender-Transformative WASH Research.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10 (4):818–27. doi:10.2166/washdev.2020.232.
- Mahajan, Kanika, and Sheetal Sekhri. 2019. Access to Toilets and Public Safety of Women. Online: Ideas for India. Analysis. https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/macroeconomics/access-to-toilets-and-public-safety-of-women.html (December 9, 2021).
- Mamun, Md Abdullah Al, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2022. “The Impact of Paid Employment on Women’s Empowerment: A Case Study of Female Garment Workers in Bangladesh.” World Development Sustainability 1:100026. doi:10.1016/j.wds.2022.100026.
- McCarthy, Julie. 2014. “How A Lack Of Toilets Puts India’s Women At Risk Of Assault.” National Public Radio, June 9. https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/06/09/319529037/indias-rape-uproar-ignites-demand-to-end-open-defecation (December 9, 2021).
- Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. 2017. Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). New Delhi: Government of India. Guidelines. https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/writereaddata/images/pdf/Guidelines/Complete-set-guidelines.pdf (December 9, 2021).
- Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. 2018. Women’s Leadership in SGN-Gramin. New Delhi: World Bank Group. Study Report. https://sujal-swachhsangraha.gov.in/node/84 (February 23, 2022).
- Mishra, Aishwarya, and Abhinav Tyagi. 2018. “6 Ways to Implement Swachh Bharat Mission in a District to Make Villages Open Defecation Free.” Social Story, February 5. https://yourstory.com/2018/02/swachh-bharat-implementation/amp (February 25, 2022).
- Mitra, Amit, and Nitya Rao. 2019. “Gender, Water, and Nutrition in India: An Intersectional Perspective.” Water Alternatives 12 (1): 169–91.
- Monteiro, Tanya S., and R. Nalini. 2021. “Mental Health at the Intersections of Marginalization: A Conceptual Model to Explore the Mental Health Concerns of Women Sanitation Workers in India.” Asian Social Work and Policy Review 15 (2):102–11. doi:10.1111/aswp.12223.
- Murthi, Kavitha, and Karen Whalley Hammell. 2021. “‘Choice’ in Occupational Therapy Theory: A Critique from the Situation of Patriarchy in India.” Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 28 (1):1–12. doi:10.1080/11038128.2020.1769182.
- Nunbogu, Abraham Marshall, and Susan J. Elliott. 2022. “Characterizing Gender-Based Violence in the Context of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Scoping Review of Evidence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.” Water Security 15:100113. doi:10.1016/j.wasec.2022.100113.
- O’Reilly, Kathleen. 2010. “Combining Sanitation and Women’s Participation in Water Supply: An Example from Rajasthan.” Development in Practice 20 (1):45–56. doi:10.1080/09614520903436976.
- Panchang, Sarita Vijay, Pratima Joshi, and Smita Kale. 2021. “Women ‘Holding It’ in Urban India: Toilet Avoidance as an under-Recognized Health Outcome of Sanitation Insecurity.” Global Public Health 17 (4):587–600. doi:10.1080/17441692.2021.1882527.
- Pandya, Madhusudan N., and Parag Sunil Shukla. 2018. “Role of Women Led Sanitation in Community Development.” Journal of Content, Community and Communication 4 (7):71–77. doi:10.31620/JCCC.06.18/09.
- Patil, Sumeet R., Benjamin F. Arnold, Alicia L. Salvatore, Bertha Briceno, Sandipan Ganguly, John M. ColfordsJr, and Paul J. Gertler. 2014. “The Effect of India’s Total Sanitation Campaign on Defecation Behaviors and Child Health in Rural Madhya Pradesh: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.” PLOS Medicine 11 (8):e1001709. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709.
- Pradhan, Pitabas. 2017. “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and the Indian Media.” Amity School of Communication 5 (3): 43–51.
- Praxis, IDS, and WaterAid. 2017. Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) Immersive Research. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS). Research Report. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15354?show=full (February 25, 2022).
- Prior, Ayelet, and Einat Peled. 2021. “Gendered Power Relations in Women-to-Men Interviews on Controversial Sexual Behavior.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 25 (3):277–91. doi:10.1080/13645579.2021.1882193.
- PTI. 2020. “Second Phase of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Launched.” The Hindu, March 4. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/second-phase-of-swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-launched/article30981702.ece (December 9, 2021).
- Punia, Monika, and Alisha Verma. 2022. “Significance of the Role Played by Rural Women in Making Swacch Bharat Mission a Success.” International Journal of Legal Science and Innovation 4 (1): 11–22.
- Rajagopalan, Shruti. 2019. “Swachh Bharat Toilets without Sanitation Is Why Dalits are at the Receiving End.” The Print, October 2. https://theprint.in/opinion/swachh-bharat-toilets-without-sanitation-is-why-dalits-are-at-the-receiving-end/299848/ (February 23, 2022).
- Rao, Jasmine. 2010. “The Caste System: Effects on Poverty in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.” Global Majority E-Journal 1 (2): 97–106.
- Raval, Gargi. 2019. “110 Million Toilets Built, But Claim That India Free Of Open Defecation Not True.” FactChecker.com, October 1. https://www.factchecker.in/110-million-toilets-built-but-claim-that-india-free-of-open-defecation-not-true/ (February 23, 2022).
- Regan, Helen, and Manveena Suri. 2019. “Half of India Couldn’t Access a Toilet 5 Years Ago. Modi Built 110M Latrines—but Will People Use Them?” CNN, October 5. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/05/asia/india-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli/index.html (December 18, 2021).
- Routray, Parimita, Belen Torondel, Thomas Clasen, and Wolf-Peter Schmidt. 2017. “Women’s Role in Sanitation Decision Making in Rural Coastal Odisha, India.” PLOS ONE 12 (5):e0178042. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178042.
- Saleem, Mahrukh, Teresa Burdett, and Vanessa Heaslip. 2019. “Health and Social Impacts of Open Defecation on Women: A Systematic Review.” BMC Public Health 19 (1):158. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6423-z.
- Sethi, Gagan, Priyanka Dutt, Anjor Bhaskar, and Kanika Kaul. 2016. Understanding Swachh Bharat Abhiyan through a Gender Lens. New Delhi: Institute of Social Studies Trust. Policy Brief. http://www.feministpolicyindia.org/documents/resources/SBA%20from%20a%20gender%20lens.pdf (February 18, 2022).
- Shankar, Shiva, and Kanthi Swaroop. 2021. “Manual Scavenging in India: The Banality of an Everyday Crime.” CASTE/A Global Journal on Social Exclusion 2 (1):67–76. doi:10.26812/caste.v2i1.299.
- Shaw, Sara E., and Julia Bailey. 2009. “Discourse Analysis: What Is It and Why Is It Relevant to Family Practice?” Family Practice 26 (5):413–19. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp038.
- Sheuya, Shaaban A. 2008. “Improving the Health and Lives of People Living in Slums.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1136 (1):298–306. doi:10.1196/annals.1425.003.
- Singh, Renu. 2019. “Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin: Role in Improving Sanitation Status in India.” Public Affairs And Governance 7 (2):115. doi:10.5958/2321-2136.2019.00009.2.
- Singh, Shiv Sahay. 2019. “Manual Scavenging Left 282 Dead since 2016.” The Hindu, December 21. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manual-scavenging-left-282-dead-since-2016/article30369014.ece (February 23, 2022).
- Singh, Sneh Lata, Neelma Kunwar, and Anchal Sharma. 2018. “Impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in Indian Society.” International Journal of Home Science 4 (1): 215–19.
- Spears, Dean, and Amit Thorat. 2019. “The Puzzle of Open Defecation in Rural India: Evidence from a Novel Measure of Caste Attitudes in a Nationally Representative Survey.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 67 (4):725–55. doi:10.1086/698852.
- Srivastav, Nikhil. 2017. “Why Indore’s ‘Success’ in Ending Open Defecation Is Not Replicable.” The Wire, March 22. https://thewire.in/government/why-indore-success-in-ending-open-defecation-is-not-replicable-swachh-bharat (December 21, 2021).
- Srivastav, Nikhil, and Nazar Khalid. 2019. “What India’s Next Sanitation Policy Can Learn from the Swachh Bharat Mission.” The Wire, October 2. https://thewire.in/government/what-indias-next-sanitation-policy-can-learn-from-the-swachh-bharat-mission (February 25, 2022).
- Sumedh, M K. 2018. “ODF Status — Claims Vs. Reality of the Swachh Bharat Mission.” Observer Research Foundation, October 6. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/odf-status-claims-vs-reality-swachh-bharat-mission/ (February 25, 2022).
- Suthar, Praveen, NitinKumar Joshi, and Vibha Joshi. 2019. “Study on the Perception of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Attitude Towards Cleanliness among the Residents of Urban Jodhpur.” Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 8 (10):3136. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_502_19.
- Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Fardous Ara Happy, and Md Mahmudul Hoque. 2018. “An Empirical Study on Socio-Economic Status of Women Labor in Rice Husking Mill of Bangladesh.” South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 2 (2):1–9. doi:10.9734/sajsse/2018/v2i225835.
- Tama, Riffat Ara Zannat, Liu Ying, Yu Man, KM Mehedi Adnan, Md Mahmudul Hoque, and Swati Anindita Sarker. 2021. “Assessing Farmers’ Intention Towards Conservation Agriculture by Using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Management 280:111654. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111654.
- Truelove, Yaffa, and Kathleen O’Reilly. 2021. “Making India’s Cleanest City: Sanitation, Intersectionality, and Infrastructural Violence.” Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 4 (3): 718–35.
- UN News. 2018. ‘UN Chief Commends India’s Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals.” United Nations, October 2. https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/10/1022082 (December 19, 2021).
- UNICEF. 2015. A Snapshot of Sanitation, Hygiene and Drinking Water Safety in South Asia: 2015 Update. Kathmandu, Nepal: United Nations Children’s Fund. Regional Estimate. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/1286/file/ROSA%20WASH%20Snapshot%202015.pdf (December 9, 2021).
- UNICEF India. 2021. “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene.” UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/water-sanitation-hygiene (December 9, 2021).
- Vashisht, Mahima. 2018. “Swachh Shakti: Why More Women Must Come Forward To Spearhead The Sanitation Revolution.” Swarajya, February 25. https://swarajyamag.com/ideas/swachh-shakti-why-more-women-must-come-forward-to-spearhead-the-sanitation-revolution (February 25, 2022).
- Versano, Sara. 2020. “The Challenge of Sanitation in India : An Assessment of Clean India Mission in the Gram Panchayat of Badkulla I and II, West Bengal, India.” Master Thesis. Linköpings Universitet. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171058 (December 19, 2021).
- Vinayak, Nipun. 2016. “Name, Shame; but Not the Children.” Swachh Bharat (Grameen), October 17. https://sbmgramin.wordpress.com/2016/10/17/name-shame-but-not-the-children/ (February 25, 2022).
- Vogel, Wren, Christina D. Hwang, and Sangchul Hwang. 2022. “Gender and Sanitation: Women’s Experiences in Rural Regions and Urban Slums in India.” Societies 12 (1):18. doi:10.3390/soc12010018.
- Wagadu. 2007. Water and women in past, present and future: Wagadu, a journal of transnational women’s and gender studies. ed. Zdenka Kalnick. Philadelphia, Pa.: Xlibris.
- WaterAid. 2017. Out of Order: The State of the World’s Toilet 2017. London: WaterAid. Global Report. https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/Out%20of%20Order%20report%202017.pdf (January 16, 2022).
- WaterAid India. 2017. Quality and Sustainability of Toilets: A Rapid Assessment of Technologies under Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin. New Delhi: WaterAid India. Study Report. https://www.wateraidindia.in/sites/g/files/jkxoof336/files/quality-and-sustainability-of-toilets.pdf (May 21, 2022).