Parents Talking to Middle School Children about Sex: A Protective Factor against Suicide in Sexually Active Teens

References

• Ackard, D. M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Perry, C. (2006). Parent–child connectedness and behavioral and emotional health among adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.09.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, A. C., & Ferreira, R. J. (2017). Implementing cognitive behavioral intervention for trauma in schools (CBITS) with Latino youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(2), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-016-0486-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. (2018). Suicide statistics. https://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Anatale, K., & Kelly, S. (2015). Factors influencing adolescent girls’ sexual behavior: A secondary analysis of the 2011 youth risk behavior survey. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(3), 217–221. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.963902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour, S., & Haynie, D. L. (2007). Adolescent sexual debut and later delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9128-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2013). Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltz, A. M. (2018). Gendered mechanisms underlie the relation between pubertal timing and adult depressive symptoms. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(6), 722–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett, M. D., & Joe, S. (2015). Exposure to community violence, suicidality, and psychological distress among African American and Latino youths: Findings from the CDC youth violence survey. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 25(8), 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.922795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermúdez, M.-P., Buela-Casal, G., & Teva, I. (2010). Type of sexual contact and precoital sexual experience in Spanish adolescents. Universitas Psychologica, 10(2), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy10-2.tscp
   Google Scholar
• Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Chiurliza, B., Chu, C., Michaels, M. S., & Joiner, T. E. (2014). Suicidality in adolescent populations: A review of the extant literature through the lens of the interpersonal theory of suicide. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 9(3), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101637
   Google Scholar
• Burnes, T. R., Singh, A. A., & Witherspoon, R. G. (2017). Sex positivity and counseling psychology: An introduction to the major contribution. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(4), 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017710216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S., Sears, H. A., & Foster, L. R. (2013). Factors associated with middle school students’ perceptions of the quality of school-based sexual health education. Sex Education, 13(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2012.727083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, R., Silverman, W. K., & Jaccard, J. (2013). Race and perceived pubertal transition effects on girls’ depressive symptoms and delinquent behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1155–1168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9885-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Krauss, M. J., Spitznagel, E. L., Schootman, M., Bucholz, K. K., Peipert, J. F., Sanders-Thompson, V., Cottler, L. B., & Bierut, L. J. (2009). Age of sexual debut among US adolescents. Contraception, 80(2), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2009.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Death rates for motor vehicle traffic Injury,* suicide, and homicide among children and adolescents aged 10–14 years — United States, 1999–2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6543a8.htm?s_cid=mm6543a8_w#suggestedcitation
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Suicide among youth. Gateway to Health Communication & Social Marketing Practice. https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/SuicideYouth.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018a). Suicide rising across the US. Vital Signs. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/suicide/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018b). Youth risk behavior surveillance system (YRBSS) overview. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/overview.htm
   Google Scholar
• Charmaraman, L., Lee, A. J., & Erkut, S. (2012). “What if you already know everything about sex?” Content analysis of questions from early adolescents in a middle school sex education program. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(5), 527–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claxton, S. E., & van Dulmen, M. H. M. (2013). Casual sexual relationships and experiences in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 1(2), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813487181
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Copeland, W., Shanahan, L., Miller, S., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., & Maughan, B. (2010). Outcomes of early pubertal timing in young women: A prospective population-based study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(10), 1218–1225. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, J. L., & Halpern-Felsher, B. L. (2006). Adolescents tell us why teens have oral sex. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 299–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crepeau‐Hobson, F. (2013). An exploratory study of suicide risk assessment practices in the school setting. Psychology in the Schools, 50(8), 810–822. https://doi.org/10.0.3.234/pits.21705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, C., Greenwald, E., & Sandil, R. (2017). Let’s talk about sex: Integrating sex positivity in counseling psychology practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(4), 547–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowdy, E., Furlong, M. J., & Sharkey, J. D. (2013). Using surveillance of mental health to increase understanding of youth involvement in high-risk behaviors: A value-added analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 21(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063426611416817
   Google Scholar
• Dunlop, S. M., More, E., & Romer, D. (2011). Where do youth learn about suicides on the Internet, and what influence does this have on suicidal ideation? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 52(10), 1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.0.4.87/j.1469-7610.2011.02416.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, C. B., Bevans, K. B., Riley, A. W., Crespo, R., & Louis, T. A. (2013). Health and school outcomes during children’s transition into adolescence. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(2), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden, R. L., Furman, W., & Collibee, C. (2016). The risks and rewards of sexual debut. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1913–1925. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., Velting, D. M., & Shaffer, D. (2003). Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(4), 386–405. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden, K. P. (2014). A sex-positive framework for research on adolescent sexuality. Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 9(5), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614535934
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houlihan, C. F., Baisley, K., Bravo, I. G., Kapiga, S., de Sanjosé, S., Changalucha, J., Ross, D. A., Hayes, R. J., & Watson-Jones, D. (2016). Rapid acquisition of HPV around the time of sexual debut in adolescent girls in Tanzania. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45(3), 762–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaeger, A., Selmeczy, D., O'Connor, A. R., Diaz, M., & Dobbins, I. G. (2012). Prefrontal cortex contributions to controlled memory judgment: fMRI evidence from adolescents and young adults. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3745–3756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, R. K., Biddlecom, A. E., Hebert, L., & Mellor, R. (2011). Teens reflect on their sources of contraceptive information. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26(4), 423–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558411400908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, M. C. (2014). Sex education: Attitude of adolescents, cultural differences and schools’ challenges. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. https://login.dax.lib.unf.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=836678&site=eds-live&scope=site
   Google Scholar
• King, C. A., Foster, C. E., & Rogalski, K. M. (2013). Teen suicide risk: A practitioner guide to screening, assessment, and management. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koren, A. (2019). Reproductive health for teens: Parents want in too. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(5), 406–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2018.1549635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, S., Brindis, C. D., Chapman, S. A., & Spetz, J. (2019). Rates of exposure to victimizing events and use of substances among California’s middle and high school students. The Journal of School Nursing, 35(2), 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840517707242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laughlin, S. (2016). Gen Z goes beyond gender binaries in new Innovation Group data. https://www.jwtintelligence.com/2016/03/gen-z-goes-beyond-gender-binaries-in-new-innovation-group-data/
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, L. D., Maddow-Zimet, I., & Boonstra, H. (2016). Changes in adolescents’ receipt of sex education, 2006–2013. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 58(6), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., Thoma, B. C., Murray, P. J., D'Augelli, A. R., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., & Berry, S. H. (2009). It’s better on TV: Does television set teenagers up for regret following sexual initiation? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(2), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1363/4109209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masho, S. W., Chambers, G. J., Wallenborn, J. T., & Ferrance, J. L. (2017). Associations of partner age gap at sexual debut with teenage parenthood and lifetime number of partners. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 49(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendle, J., Harden, K. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Graber, J. A. (2012). Peer relationships and depressive symptomatology in boys at puberty. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 429–435. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menn, M. A. (2011). Everything but: Exploring definitions of sexual outercourse among undergraduate students. https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-12-7624
   Google Scholar
• Miller, A. B., Esposito-Smythers, C., & Leichtweis, R. N. (2015). Role of Social support in adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher, C. M. (2017). Historical perspectives of sex positivity: Contributing to a new paradigm within counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(4), 487–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017713755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Suicide. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide.shtml
   Google Scholar
• O’Hara, R. E., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., Li, Z., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Greater exposure to sexual content in popular movies predicts earlier sexual debut and increased sexual risk taking. Psychological Science, 23(9), 984–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle, S., Glasier, A., & Riley, S. C. (2008). Communication between parents and their children about sexual health. Contraception, 77(4), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2007.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pariera, K. L., & Brody, E. (2018). “Talk more about it”: Emerging adults’ attitudes about how and when parents should talk about sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0314-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueger, S. Y., Chen, P., Jenkins, L. N., & Choe, H. J. (2014). Effects of perceived support from mothers, fathers, and teachers on depressive symptoms during the transition to middle school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(4), 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0039-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. S. (2005). Cycles of shame: Menstrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision‐making. Journal of Sex Research, 42(4), 324–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster, M. A., Eastman, K. L., & Corona, R. (2006). Peer reviewed: Talking parents, healthy teens: A worksite-based program for parents to promote adolescent sexual health. Preventing Chronic Disease, 3(4), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Shulman, S., Walsh, S. D., Weisman, O., & Schelyer, M. (2009). Romantic contexts, sexual behavior, and depressive symptoms among adolescent males and females. Sex Roles, 61(11–12), 850–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9691-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, L., & Daneback, K. (2013). Adolescents’ use of the internet for sex education: A thematic and critical review of the literature. International Journal of Sexual Health, 25(4), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2013.823899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soller, B., Haynie, D. L., & Kuhlemeier, A. (2017). Sexual intercourse, romantic relationship inauthenticity, and adolescent mental health. Social Science Research, 64, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.10.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spriggs, A. L., & Halpern, C. T. (2008). Sexual debut timing and depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(9), 1085–1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9303-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stack, S., Kral, M., & Borowski, T. (2014). Exposure to suicide movies and suicide attempts: A research note. Sociological Focus, 47(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2014.856707
   Google Scholar
• Stanger-Hall, K. F., & Hall, D. W. (2011). Abstinence-only education and teen pregnancy rates: Why we need comprehensive sex education in the US. PLoS One, 6(10), e24658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromberg, S. J. (2007). School counselors and sexual education: Should counselors play a role? University of Wisconsin-Stout.
   Google Scholar
• Stuewig, J., Tangney, J. P., Kendall, S., Folk, J. B., Meyer, C. R., & Dearing, R. L. (2015). Children’s proneness to shame and guilt predict risky and illegal behaviors in young adulthood. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46(2), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0467-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swannell, S., Martin, G., & Page, A. (2016). Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual adults: Findings from an Australian national study. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibodeaux, J. (2013). The effects of bullying on LGBTQ youth and strategies for prevention. https://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession89-10MIT/Thibodeaux_JMiT2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, M. P., & Swartout, K. (2018). Epidemiology of suicide attempts among youth transitioning to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(4), 807–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0674-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019). Healthy parent-child relationships. https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-development/healthy-relationships/parents-child/index.html#ftn6
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., La Salle, T., Wu, C., Do, K. A., & Sullivan, K. E. (2018). School climate and parental involvement buffer the risk of peer victimization on suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Asian American middle school students. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, A. E., Moeller, J., Ivcevic, Z., Brackett, M. A., White, A. E., Moeller, J., Ivcevic, Z., & Brackett, M. A. (2018). Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity gender identity and sexual identity labels used by U. S. high school students: A co-occurrence network analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000266
   Google Scholar
• Widman, L., Choukas-Bradley, S., Noar, S. M., Nesi, J., & Garrett, K. (2016). Parent-adolescent sexual communication and adolescent safer sex behavior: A meta-analysisparent-adolescent sexual communication and youth safer sex behaviorparent-adolescent sexual communication and youth safer sex behavior. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, M., Jozkowski, K. N., & Read, J. (2019). Sexual consent in K–12 sex education: An analysis of current health education standards in the United States. Sex Education, 19(2), 226–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2018.1510769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. K., Dalberth, B. T., Koo, H. P., & Gard, J. C. (2010). Parents’ perspectives on talking to preteenage children about sex. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1363/4205610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooden, C. L., & Anderson, F. R. (2012). Engaging parents in reproductive health education: Lessons learned implementing a parent designed, peer-led educational model for parents of preteens. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 7(4), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2012.740963
   Google Scholar
• World Association for Sexual Health. (2014). Declaration of sexual rights. https://worldsexualhealth.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Declaration-of-Sexual-Rights-2014-plain-text.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Suicide. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
   Google Scholar
• Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., & Kosciw, J. (2014). The relation between suicidal ideation and bullying victimization in a national sample of transgender and non-transgender adolescents. In P. Goldblum & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Youth suicide and bullying: Challenges and strategies for prevention and intervention (pp. 134–147). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zeglin, R. J., Van Dam, D., & Hergenrather, K. C. (2018). An introduction to proposed human sexuality counseling competencies. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 40(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9314-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar